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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why did the USA enter the war |
- unrestricted submarine warfare - Germany attacked us passenger ship |
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Who had control of the war |
Military high command - field marshal paul von hindenburg - general erich ludendorff |
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Attempt to break through western front |
- end may: allies forced back - june: usa enters war, 100000+250000/month fresh troops - 8 aug: german lines broken |
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Ludendorff and hindenburg inform kaiser wilhelm ii and chancellor von hertling of need for armistice |
29 sep 1918 |
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Stab in the back myth |
- news of negotiation shocked civilians (had been assured victory) - sense of betrayal - army command placed blame on civilian politicians |
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Nov revolution 1918 |
Kiel mutiny - navy and workers - set up workers and soldiers councils Bavarian republic - 8 nov: declared itself independent republic Abdication - 9 nov: chancellor von baden announces kaisers abdication without consultation |
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Germany becomes a republic when, and who was the chancellor |
9 nov 1918 Chancellor Friedrich Ebert (social democratic party) |
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Armistice agreement |
11 nov 1918 |
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Parties -- left wing |
Social democratic party (spd) -- moderate Independent socialist party (uspd) -- radical Communist party of Germany (kpd) -- extreme
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Parties -- centre |
German democratic party (ddp) Centre party |
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Parties -- right wing |
German people's party (dvp) -- moderate German national people's party (dnvp) -- conservative National socialist German workers party (nsdap/nazi) -- extreme |
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Ebert-Groener pact |
Rightwing army would cooperate with leftwing government |
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Stinnes-Legien agreement |
Industrial cooperation with workers |
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Spartacists |
- extreme left - sought to overthrow the state - jan 1919: demonstrations in berlin |
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Freikorps |
- volunteer group of ex soldiers - reseized buildings taken by spartacists (killed >100) |
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Hatred between leftwing forces |
Extremists couldn't forgive moderates for using rightwing military to suppress revolts - less able to resist rise of extreme right nazis due to divisions |
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National assembly |
19 Jan 1919: elections - clear support for democracy and republic - ebert elected first president - philipp scheidemann elected first chancellor |
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German constitution |
July 1919 - extremely democratic |
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Why was the parliament so politically unstable |
- proportional representation gave many parties at least one seat |
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Treaty of Versailles |
- late April 1919 - led by German foreign minister count ulrich von brockdorff-rantzau - no say in drafting --> terms came as a shock - shaped largely by Frances determination to prevent German from threatening them - 28 June: dr muller, dr bell sign treaty --> hall of mirrors |
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Terms |
- military - territory - colonies - reparations - war guilt |
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Reaction to the treaty |
Shock and anger - chancellor scheidemann "we must hold together we must stick together" - von hindenburg urged rejection despite knowing consequences - general groener "[resistance] would be [our] downfall" |
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1919 new govt under... |
Gustav Bauer |
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Effects of the treaty |
- republic associated with international humiliation/military defeat - weakened faith in democracy - economic and political instability |
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November criminals |
- those who signed the armistice 1918/treaty 1919 - govt of 1919 that adopted policy of fulfilment |
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Kapp putsch |
1920 - extremists tried to overthrow elected govt - freikorps outside berlin dissolved --> General von luttwitz refused --> ordered 12000 men to march on city - General von seeckt refused to intervene - president ebert, chancellor bauer, cabinet forced to flee berlin |
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Why did the kapp putsch fail |
- strikes in support of govt --> paralysed the city --> workers supported by bankers, industrialists - von luttwitz, kapp fled the city |
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Significance of kapp putsch |
Exposed weakness of govt Demonstrated army's growing power |
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Political assassinations |
- extreme shock and anger - "law for the protection of the republic" - chancellor worth "the enemy stands on the Right" - treated mildly (rightwing legal system) |
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Hyperinflation |
1914 USD$1 = 4.2 marks Nov 1923 USD$1 = 4.2 trillion marks - farmers increased wealth by barter - industrialists wiped out debt - working Germans living off savings suffered (value of savings, investments disappeared) |
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Nationalist anger (1920s) |
- govt called off passive resistance to address inflation issue --> enraged nationalists - bavarian rightwing defied berlin govt --> talk of separatism - thuringia, saxony leftwing challenged berlin authority |
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Stresemann resigns |
2 nov 1923 - spd withdraws from coalition - stresemann loses support - president ebert "you will be suffering the consequences of your stupidity in ten years" |
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How much land did Germany lose |
13% |
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Military terms of the treaty |
Army limit 100 000 men Navy limit 6 ships No air force demilitarization of rhineland |
