Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Define the purpose of transportation
|
Transportation bridges the gap between centers of supply and centers of demand
|
|
|
Name the major eras for transportation development
|
1. Roman
2. Industrial Revolution 3. Ford Era 4. Telecom Era 5. Globalization |
|
|
What is the positive impact of globalization?
|
Allows for division of labor throught the globe and specialization where regions have competative advantages
|
|
|
Why is transportation linked to economic prosperity in Newly Industrialized States
|
Allows division of labor and a split between production centers and location of demand.
|
|
|
What are the emerging areas of emphasis in transportation?
|
1. efficiency
2. environment |
|
|
What is a modal split?
|
Shift to a new/different mode of transportation
|
|
|
Discuss the role of perspective in transportation issues (national, regional, individual).
|
National perspective is to maximize the collective good and improve economic wellbeing of country. Regional is concerned with urban/rural area concerns. Individuals are concerned with shortening their own travel times and not collective good.
|
|
|
What are some impacts of transportation on individuals?
|
1. level of mobility
2. residential location 3. Residential/Employment trade-off 4. Social interaction 5. Entertainment 6. Vacations & tourism |
|
|
In brief, how has the study of transportation evolved when looking at modes?
|
Transportation has gone from considering segments individually to looking at systems as a whole.
|
|
|
Individual modal segments are sometimes called what to what?
|
Port to Port
|
|
|
Transportation systems as a whole are called what to what?
|
Door to door or origin to destination
|
|
|
What factors did Cooley consider within transportation systems?
|
physical, economic, and social aspects
|
|
|
What is the economic significance of transportation?
|
Development
Specialization Mass Production Location advantage |
|
|
What is the economic linkages between transportation and production?
|
transportation and cost
" & price stabilization " & globalization " & value of land " & GNP |
|
|
How important is transportation to GNP
|
In some economies it is the largest segment, up to 1/5 of GNP and 10-12% of employment
|
|
|
With regard to cost, what must be the case in order for goods to move?
|
The cost of transportation must be less than the differences between prices at the 2 locations.
|
|
|
What is diffusion of innovation?
|
The concept that new ideas and products can spread to different locations.
|
|
|
Give some examples of politics in transportation.
|
Navigation rights on EU rivers
Air landing rights Regional transit votes |
|
|
To developing countries, why is transportation important?
|
Transportation is directly linked to the level of economic development in a country.
|
|
|
What are the two components to spatial organization?
|
Linkages & Nodes
|
|
|
What year is commonly considered the key year geography evolved beyond discriptive & why?
|
1959 when Richard Hartshorne wrote "Prospectives on the nature of geography"
|
|
|
After 1959, what were the initial key innovations in geography studies?
|
Location theory and graph theory were developed with focus on efficiency and economics.
|
|
|
In the 1970's what was the focus of geography studies?
|
Quantitative tools
|
|
|
What transition did geography studies go through in the 1980s?
|
A shift to interest in solving problems rather than developing tools. Increase in study of social aspects and behavioral studies.
|
|
|
What new aspects of geography studies emerged in the 1990s?
|
Transportation and communications systems and the environment.
|
|
|
According to Ullman, what three interdependent conditions are needed for a spatial interaction to occur?
|
Complementarity
Intervening opportunity Transferability |
|
|
Define complementarity
|
There must be an excess supply in one location and a demand in another location.
|
|
|
What does "intervening opportunity" mean in transportation?
|
There must not be another location that offers a better alternative for trade. If one exists, there won't be flow of a good between 2 points.
|
|
|
What does the term "transferability" mean?
|
There must be a means of transporting a good between 2 points. The places must be linked.
|
|
|
What are some obsticles to transportation?
|
Cost
Terrorism Legallity perishability accessibility political decisions |
|
|
What is "place utility"?
|
Something has more value in one place than another (example fresh water)
|
|
|
What is "time utility"?
|
Transportation enhances the ability of goods to meet human needs by making them available when they are needed
|
|
|
What is the physical distance between 2 locations called
|
Geodesic path
|
|
|
What is the shortest distance between 2 points on a globe?
|
Great Circle
|
|
|
What sort of map indicates the distance between locations in terms of time?
|
Isocromes
|
|
|
When you consider transportation in terms of time, should you consider total time or time actually travelling (moving)
|
Consider total door to door time.
|
|
|
What is an Isocost map?
|
Distinguishes distance between places in terms of cost. Geographically closest may not be cheapest.
|
|
|
Do all people view distance the same way?
|
No, people have a mental map or "perception measure" that impacts decisions.
|
|
|
Layering maps of geographic, cost, and time distances into one map is called what?
|
MDS - Multi-dimensional Scaling
|
|
|
What is meant by tapering cost structure?
|
The total cost of transportation increases with distance but at a decreasing rate.
|
|
|
What are the terminal costs of transportation?
|
Fixed costs. They don't change with distance.
|
|
|
What are line-haul costs?
|
Variable costs that increase with distance (fuel, driver, etc)
|
|
|
What is the impact of a port on transportation costs between 2 points?
|
The break of bulk point will be the cheapest total costs. That is why industries are clustered around ports
|
|
|
What is another name for break of bulk point?
|
Transshipment point or port.
|
|
|
What is the lowest geographic point in terms of total costs when shipping between 2 locations.
|
The break of bulk point.
|
|
|
Put in order the 3 major modes in terms of best use over short, medium and long distances.
|
Truck - short
Rail - medium Water - long |
|
|
What is considered a short distance in shipping?
|
1 to 1.5 day drive or approx 400-600 KM.
|
|
|
What is the term for charging based on the value of the cargo?
|
Ad valorum
|
|
|
What is a cargo's stowage factor?
|
The ratio between volume and weight of the commodity
|
|
|
What type of cargo is ideally suited for air transport?
|
high volume, low weight with a high value
|
|
|
What factors impact transportation rate for a particular good?
|
cargo value (ad valorum)
cargo characteristics stowage factor oversized issues |
|
|
What impact does a trade inbalance have on rates
|
It's cheaper to ship one direction than the other
|
|
|
What are some impacts on rate between 2 points?
|
Trade balance
competition Interference (borders, customs, etc) |
|
|
Define a "transportation network"
|
Specific locations tied together to form a integrated system.
|
|
|
Define a node?
|
1. a city, station, port, origin, destination
2. a relay of movement |
|
|
What are some impacts of networks on the surrounding region?
|
Land values and availability of services are greater on transportation networks (look at SR-99 vs I-5)
|
|
|
What is a simulation model?
|
A simplified version of a slice of reality that eliminates complexities to improve comprehension.
|
|
|
Why do models allow generalizations?
|
In order to make certain conditions more likely and apparent
|
|
|
What can you do with a transportation model that you can't do with reality?
|
1. Collapse time
2. build alternative links 3. try different modes 4. shift resources |
|
|
What are the 6 stages of expansion of a transport network?
|
1. seperate ports
2. some inland routes 3. development of feeders 4. begin interconnections 5. complete interconnection 6. high priority main streets |
|
|
What is the gravity model?
|
The distance between places and size of their areas provides a statistical model to predict the volume of flow
|
|
|
In the gravity model, what determines the amount of interation?
|
The size of points and the distance between them.
|
|
|
In the gravity model, what sort of attracting power do large centers have?
|
High
|
|
|
What happens to attractiveness between 2 points as the distance between them increases in the gravity model?
|
attractiveness decreases due to distance decay
|
|
|
What is the gravity model good for?
|
statistically estimating the interaction between 2 places given a set of circumstances
|
|
|
What does calibration mean in the gravity model
|
get the model closer to reality by adding additional factors
|
|
|
What is K in the gravity model?
|
K is a constant introduced to narrow the scope to the portion of the population germain to the issue being studied
|
|
|
What is N in the gravity model and what is a common value for N?
|
N indicates transportation friction between 2 locations. A common value is 2.
|
|
|
In general is there more flow from large cities to small areas or vice versa and why?
|
Most flow is from small areas to large due to more services and alternatives to choose from.
|
|
|
What is the Reilly model good for?
|
Finding the point of equilibrium between 2 population centers.
|
|
|
What is another term for the equilibrium point between population centers?
|
"Indifference point"
|
|
|
Is the Reilly model as accurate as field studies?
|
Close, it is usually less than 2% off.
|
|
|
What is the Potential model good for?
|
Shows the growth potential for 1 given population center.
|
|
|
What is a "network" in graph theory?
|
A set of systematically organized points and lines.
|
|
|
What are some properties of a ordering graph?
|
1. A network has a defined number of places
2. each route has 2 places (origin & destination) 3. Only one route can join a pair of places |
|
|
What is a planer graph?
|
a graph where the intersection of 2 lines is always a vertex.
|
|
|
Give an example of a non-planer graph.
|
Aircraft routes cross but they don't form a vertex.
|
|
|
What does graph theory help you with?
|
It's a good tool to determine the most accessible points in a network.
|
|
|
Graphs consist of 2 components. Name them.
|
Vertices
Edges |
|
|
What is the Koning Index and what is it used for?
|
The maximum distance from a vertex to each of the other vertices (in terms of # of edges). Helps determine strategic locations in network
|
|
|
Which is the more accessible location, one with a high Koning index or low.
|
Low is more accessible.
|
|
|
What does a connectivity matrix show?
|
Tells you the number of direct connections for a vertex. i.e. which place is most connected.
|
|
|
What is the value of the Accessibility Index?
|
It shows which locations are most reachable. It shows how many total edges must be traveled to reach ALL locations in the network.
|
|
|
In order to be considered "reachable" is a low Ai or high Ai preferable?
|
A low Ai indicates a more accessible location.
|
|
|
Will the location with the lowest Ai always be the geographic center of a matrix?
|
No
|
|
|
What index shows the level of network development by comparing actual edges to actual vertices?
|
Beta Index
|
|
|
If a Beta index is low (i.e. less than 1) what does that mean?
|
The network is not very developed.
|
|
|
What index compares the maximum possible number of edges in a graph to the actual number?
|
Gamma Index
|
|
|
Is the gamma index useful in a non-planer graph?
|
No
|
|
|
What are the beta and gamma indices used for?
|
To evaluate the level of development of a network.
|
|
|
In strategic planning, what are "goals"?
|
The highest level of statements that you would like to consider. General concepts and not specific.
|
|
|
In strategic planning, what are "objectives"?
|
specific concepts translating goals into more concrete steps
|
|
|
In strategic planning, what are "variables"?
|
The measurables and changables that must take place to meet goals and objectives.
|
|
|
What does Area of Impact mean in strategic planning?
|
The boundaries of where projects are designed. Care must be taken to keep project from having adverse impacts outside of designed area.
|
|
|
When analyzing networks in the short term, what is considered?
|
Flow between points
|
|
|
When analyzing transportation network over a long term, what is being studied?
|
The impact of a network on a given region, including land value, etc.
|
