Translation And Mutations

Front 1

Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasmic pool to a growing polypeptide in a ribosome

Back 1

tRNA

Front 2

T or f

Each trna molecule doesnt translates a given mrba codon to an amino acid

Back 2

FAlse

Front 3

The trna molecule is _______ long

Back 3

80 nucleotides

Front 4

The trna molecule can fold into a _____ shape

Back 4

3 dimensional

Front 5

The trna molecule is ______ shaped and shaped like the letter_____

Back 5

Clover;L

Front 6

Particular nucleotide triplet that base pairs to a specific mrna codon

Back 6

Anticodon

Front 7

Attachment site for an amino acid in trna

Back 7

3'

Front 8

Correct matching up of trna and amino acid is carried out by

Back 8

Aminoacyl trna synthases

Front 9

How many aminoacyl trna synthases are there?

Back 9

20 for each amino acid

Front 10

Hydrolysis of what molecule catalyzes the covalent attachement of the amino acid to the trna (energy currency of the cell)

Back 10

ATP

Front 11

The resulting trna is called

Back 11

Charged trna

Front 12

2 instances of the accurate translation of a genetic message

Back 12

1) trna carries the amino acid to the ribosome

2) pairing of the trna anticodon with the appropriate mrna codon

Front 13

How many trna are there?

Back 13

45

Front 14

Flexibility of the base pairing at the codon position

Back 14

Wobble

Front 15

Facilitate specific coupling og trna codons with mrna codons during protein synthesis (site of protein synthesis)

Back 15

Ribosomes

Front 16

Ribosome consists of a

Back 16

Large and a small subunit

Front 17

Each ribosome is made up of

Back 17

Protein and rRNA

Front 18

Where ribosomes are manufactured

Back 18

Nucleolus

Front 19

Completed ribosomes are exported via

Back 19

Nuclear pores

Front 20

_____ of the ribosome is protein

Back 20

1/3

Front 21

T or f

Eukaryotic ribosomes is smaller than prokaryotic ribosome

Back 21

False

Front 22

Combats bacterial infections

Back 22

Tetracyclin steptomycin

Front 23

Holds the trna carryung polypeptide chain

Back 23

Peptidyl trna binding site

Front 24

Holds the trna carrying the next amino acid to be added

Back 24

Aminoacyl trna binding site

Front 25

Discharged trnas leave the ribosome from here

Back 25

Exit site

Front 26

T or false

The ribosome catalyzes the peptide bond of the polypeptide

Back 26

True

Front 27

Where the polypeptide exits from the large subunit

Back 27

Exit tunnel

Front 28

Responsible for structure and function of ribosome

Back 28

rRNA

Front 29

Main constituent of the a and p sites

Back 29

Rrna

Front 30

Stages of the synthesis of polypeptide chain

Back 30

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

Front 31

Energy of polypeptide formatiom is supplied by

Back 31

Guanosine triphosphate

Front 32

The union of mRNA, initiator trna , and snall ribosomal unit attached to the large one is

Back 32

Trabslation initiation complex

Front 33

Proteins that are required to bring the translation initiation complex together

Back 33

Initiation factors

Front 34

How many molecules of gtp are needed to form the initiation complex?

Back 34

One

Front 35

Polypeptide is always synthesized in one direction... from ______ end to ______

Back 35

N terminus; c terminus

Front 36

Amino acids are added one by one to the previous amino acid at the c terminus of the growing chain during what stage of the translation

Back 36

Elongation stage of translation

Front 37

Each addition of amino acids involves the participatuon of several proteins called

Back 37

Elongation factors

Front 38

3 step elongation cycle of translocation

Back 38

Codon recognition

Peptide bond formation

Translation

Front 39

Hydrolysis of gtp increases accuracy of _____

Back 39

Codon recognition

Front 40

Rrna molecules of the large subunit catalyzed the ____

Back 40

Peptide bond formation

Front 41

Thee trna molecule is released during _____ in elongation of the translation

Back 41

Translocation

Front 42

Energy expenditure happens during ____ and _____ in elongation of translation

Back 42

1;3

Front 43

Mrna is moved through the ribosome in one direction ____ first. Always______

Back 43

5'; 5'🔜3'

Front 44

The elongation cycle takes _____ of a second in bacteria

Back 44

1/10

Front 45

Final stage of translation

Back 45

Termination

Front 46

Protein shaped like aminoacy trna synthase binds at the a site

Back 46

Release factor

Front 47

Release factor cayses the addition of _____ molecuke instead of amino acid to the polypeptide chains

Back 47

Water

Front 48

Breakdown of translation requires ___ molecules of gtp molecules

Back 48

2

Front 49

Gene determines what structure of the protein

Back 49

Primary structure (sequence of amino acids)

Front 50

Helps the polypeptide fold correctly

Back 50

Chaperones

Front 51

Required before the protein can begin its job in the cell

Back 51

Post-translational modifications

Front 52

Two populations of ribosomes

Back 52

Free and bound

Front 53

Bound ribosomes are attached to the

Back 53

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 54

Bound ribosomes make proteins for the _________

Back 54

Endomembrane system

Front 55

Targets the protein to the ER

Back 55

Signal protein

Front 56

A sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading syrand (n terminus) of the polypeptide, is recognized as it emerges from the ribosome by a protein rna complex

Back 56

Signal recognition particle

Front 57

The growing polypeptide snakes acriss the membranr into the er lumen via a ______

Back 57

Protein pore

Front 58

Strings of ribosomes

Back 58

Polyribosomes/polysomes

Front 59

Changes in the genetic information of the cell

Back 59

Mutations

Front 60

Source of new genes

Back 60

Mutations

Front 61

Large scale mutations

Back 61

Chromosomal rearrangements

Front 62

Changes in single nucleotide pair of a gene

Back 62

Point mutations

Front 63

If the mutation has an adverse effect on the phenotype of the person, the mutant condition is referred to as a ______

Back 63

Genetic disorder or hereditary disease

Front 64

Sickle cell disease to the mutation of a single nucleotide pair in the gene that encodes for the ________ of the hemoglobin

Back 64

Beta globin

Front 65

Normal amino acid to abnormal amino acid of the beta globin

Back 65

Glutamine to valine

Front 66

Type of small scale mutation in which the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides.

Back 66

Nucleotide pair substitution

Front 67

A change in a nucleotide pair may transform one codon into another that s translated to the same amino acid

Back 67

Silent mutation

Front 68

Substitutions that change one amino acid to the other

Back 68

Missense mutations

Front 69

Point mutation can also chanhe a codon for an amino acid to a stop codon

Back 69

Nonsense mutation

Front 70

Causes translatiin to be terminated prematurely

Back 70

Nonsense mutations

Front 71

Nonsense mutations lead to ______

Back 71

Nonfunctional proteins

Front 72

Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene

Back 72

Insertions and deletions

Front 73

Alter the reading frame of the genetic message, the Triplet grouping of nucleotides on the mrna that is read during translation

Back 73

Franeshift mutation

Front 74

Errors during dna replication or recombination can lead to

Back 74

-Nucleotide pair substitutions

-Insertions

-deletions

-Mutations affecting longer strands of DNA

Front 75

The incorrect base will be used as a template in the next roune of replication, resulting in a mutation this is called ______

Back 75

Spontaneous mutation

Front 76

Number of physical and chemical agents

Back 76

Mutagens

Front 77

Discovered xrays causes genetic changes

Back 77

Hermann muller

Front 78

Chemicals similar to normal Dna nucleotides but that pair incorrectly during DNA replication

Back 78

Nucleotide analogs

Front 79

Discrete unit of inheritance that affects a phenotypic character

Back 79

Gene

Front 80

A _____ is a region of DNA that cab be expressed to produce a final functional product that us either a polypeptide or an RNA molecule

Back 80

Gene