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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CAREGIVER
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a role that has traditionally included those activities that assist the client physically while preserving the client's dignity
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CASE MANAGER
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a nurse who works with the multidisciplinary health care team to measure the effectiveness of the case management plan and monitor outcomes
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CHANGE AGENT
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a person (or group) who initiates changes or who assists others in making modifications in themselves or in the system
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CLARA BARTON
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a school teacher who volunteered as a nurse during the Civil War. Most notably, she organized the American Red Cross, which linked with the International Red Cross when the US Congress ratified the Geneva Convention in 1882
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CLIENT
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a person who engages the advice or services of another person who is qualified to provide this service. (the patient)
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CLIENT ADVOCATE
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an individual who pleads the cause of clients' rights
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COMMUNICATOR
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nurses identify client problems and then communicate these verbally or in writing to other members of the health care team
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CONSUMER
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(client or patient) an individual, or group of people, or a community that uses a service or commodity
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COUNSELING
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the process of helping a client to recognize and cope with stressful psychologic or social problems, to develop improved interpersonal relationships, and to promote personal growth
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DEMOGRAPHY
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the study of population, including statistics about distribution by age and place of residence, mortality, and morbitity
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FLORANCE NIGHTINGALE
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considered the founder of modern nursing, she was influential in developing nursing education, practice, and administration
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GOVERNANCE
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the establishment and maintenance of social, political, and economic arrangements by which practitioners control their practice, self-discipline, working conditions, and professional affairs
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HARRIET TUBMAN
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known as "the Moses of Her People" for her work with the Underground Railroad. During the Civil War she nursed the sick and suffering of her own race
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KNIGHTS OF SAINT LAZARUS
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an order of knights that dedicated themselves tot the care of people with leprosy, syphilis, and chronic skin conditions
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LAVINIA L. DOCK
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a nursing leader and suffragist who was active in the protest movement for women's rights that resulted in the US Constitution amendment allowing women to vote in 1920
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LILIAN WALD
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founded the Henry Street Settlement and Visiting Nurse Service which provided nursing and social serviced and organized educational and cultural activities. She is considered the founder of public health nursing
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MARGARET SANGER
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considered the founder of Planned Parenthood, was imprisoned for opening the first birth control information clinic in Baltimore in 1916
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MARY BRECKINRIDGE
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a nurse who practiced midwifery in England, Australia and New Zealand, founded the Frontier Nursing Service in Kentucky in 1925 to provide family-centered primary health care to rural populations
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PATIENT SELF-DETERMINATION ACT (PSDA)
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legislation requiring that every competent adult be informed in writing upon admission to a health care institution about his or her rights to accept or refuse medical care and to use advance directives
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PROFESSION
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an occupation that requires extensive education or a calling that requires special knowledge, skill and preparation
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SAIRY GAMP
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a character in Dickens book, Martin Chizzlewit, who represented the negative image of nurses in the early 1800's
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SOJOURNER TRUTH
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an abolitionist, Underground Railroad agent, preacher, and women's rights advocate, she was a nurse for over 4 years during the Civil War and worked as a nurse and counselor for the Freedman's Relief Association after the war
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STANDARDS OF CLINICAL NURSING PRACTICE
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descriptions of the responsibilities of which nurses are accountable
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CONFIDENTIALITY
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any information a subject relates will not be made public or available to others without the subject's consent
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CONTINUING EDUCATION (CE)
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formalized experiences designed to enlarge the knowledge or skills of practitioners
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DEPENDENT VARIABLE
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the behavior, characteristic, or outcome that the researcher wishes to explain or predict
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DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
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procedures that summarize large volumes of data; used to describe and synthesize data, showing patterns and trends
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EMPIRICAL DATA
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information collected from the observable world
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ETHNOGRAPHY
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research that provides a framework to focus on the culture of a group of people
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FEASIBILITY
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the availability of time as well as the material and human resources needed to investigate a research problem or question
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FULL DISCLOSURE
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a basic right, which means that deception, either by withholding information about a client's participation in a study or by giving the client false or misleading information about what participating in the study will involve, must not occur
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GROUNDED THEORY
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research to understand social structures and social processes; this method focuses on generation of categories or hypotheses that explain patterns of behavior of people in the study
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
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the presumed cause of influence on the dependent variable
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MEAN
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a measure of central tendency, computed by summing all scores a dividing by the number of subjects; commonly symbolized by X or Y- an average
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MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
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measures that describe the center of a distribution of data, denoting where most of the subjects lie; include the mean, median, and mode
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MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
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measures that indicate the degree of dispersion or spread of the data; include range, variance, and standard deviation
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MEDIAN
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a measure of central tendency, representing the exact middle score or value in a distribution of scores; the median is the value above and below which 50% of the scores lie
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MODE
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the score or value that occurs most frequently in a distribution of scores
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OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
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definitions that specify the instruments or procedures by which concepts will be measured
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PHENOMENOLOGY
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research that investigates people's life experiences and how they interpret those experiences
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RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
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subjects feel free from constraints, coercion, or any undue influence to participate in a study
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SIGNIFICANCE
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the potential to contribute to nursing science by enhancing client care, testing or generating a theory, or resolving a day-to-day clinical problem
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STANDARD DEVIATION
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the most frequently used measure of variability, indicating the average to which scores deviate from the mean; commonly symbolized as SD or S
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STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT
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after data has been analyzed to determine whether the results were a probability less than 0.05, which is considered the acceptable level of significance
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VARIANCE
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a variation of deviation from a critical pathway; goals not met or interventions not performed to the time frame
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DOROTHEA DIX
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Union Superintendent of Female Nurses during the Civil War
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VIRGINIA HENDERSON
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on of the firs modern nurses to define nursing
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MARY MAHONEY
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first African-American professional nurse
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MELINDA ANN (LINDA) RICHARDS
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America's first trained nurse
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DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERNS
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demographic changes require recognition of cultural and ethnic diversity
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PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT
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limits hospital reimbursements--pays a predetermined amount related to a medical diagnosis
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DIAGNOSTIC-RELATED GROUPS
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DRG's-- prospective payment system established according to the medical diagnosis
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SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME
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financial assistance for persons with disabilities
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MEDICARE
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Title 18 of the Social Security Act providing health insurance for older adults
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MEDICAID
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Title 19 of the Social Security Act providing medical assistance to people in financial need
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INSURANCE PLANS
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third party payers to finance health care -- may be private or group insurance
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THEORY
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system of major ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
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group of related ideas, statements, or concepts
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PARADIGM
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a pattern of shared understandings or assumptions about reality
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ORDER OF DEACONESSES
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religious group of nursing providers instituted by Theodore Fliedner, Kaisersworth, Germany
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NURSING
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attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on the behalf of the client
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NURSING THEORY
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guides knowledge development, directs education, research and practice
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SELF-CARE
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Dorothea Orem- 1971-based on self-care, self-care agency, self-care requisites and therapeutic self-care demand
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GOAL ATTAINMENT
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Imogene King- -dynamic interacting systems
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ADAPTATION MODEL
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Sr Callista Roy - 1976- the process and outcome whereby the thinking and feeling person uses conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integration
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HUMAN CARING THEORY
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the practice of caring in central to nursing and is the unifying focus for practice
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HUMAN BECOMING
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Rosemary Parse - - emphasizes how individuals choose and bear responsibility for patterns of personal health
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UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS THEORY
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Martha Rogers - - person is an irreducible whole, dynamic energy field in continuous exchange with the environment
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PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION
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provides professional governance, differentiates profession from occupation
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AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION
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the national professional organization for nurses - advances the nursing profession by establishing standards of practice, promoting welfare of nurses, projecting a positive image, and by political activity
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NATIONAL LEAGUE FOR NURSING
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objective is to foster development and improvement of nursing services and education
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INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES
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international organization to represent nursing worldwide
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SIGMA THETA TAU
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international honor society for nursing - membership based on academic achievement
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NATIONAL STUDENT NURSES ASSOCIATION
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official preprofessional organization for students
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SOCIAL CHANGE
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Social process whereby the values, attitudes, or institutions of society, such as education, family, religion, and industry become modified. It includes both the natural process and action programs initiated by members of the community
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LEGISLATION
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changes in legislation about nursing practice, health, and health matters will affect both the the public and nursing
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ACTIVISM
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the use of direct, often confrontational action, such as a demonstration or strike, in opposition to or support of a cause
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NETWORKING
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a process whereby professional links are established through which people can share ideas, knowledge and information
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POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE
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in the U.S., a PAC is the name commonly given to a private group, regardless of size, organized to elect political candidates. Legally, what constitutes a "PAC" for purposes of regulation is a matter of state and federal law, Under the Federal Election Campaign Act, an organization becomes a "political committee" by receiving contributions or making expenditures in excess of $1,000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election.
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TRI-COUNCIL FOR NURSING
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a nursing organization consisting of the ANA, NLN, the American Organization of Nurse Executives and the American Association of Colleges of Nursing.
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CONSUMER DEMANDS
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the consumer is an active participant in making decisions about health and nursing care.
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AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
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AMA-- mission statement: "We are the Voice of the American Medical Profession" "We are the partnership of physicians and their professional associations dedicated to promoting the art and science of medicine and the betterment of public health" "We serve the physicians and their patients by establishing and promoting ethical, educational, and clinical standards for the medical profession and by advocation for the highest principle of all--the integrity of the physician/patient relationship
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AMERICAN HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION
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AHA-- a nonprofit national organization of individuals, institutions, and organizations engaged in direct patient care. The association works to promote the improvement of health care services.
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NATIONAL COUNCIL ON STATE BOARDS OF NURSING
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national organization concerned with licensure issues -- developed the mutual recognition model.
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MUTUAL RECOGNITION MODEL
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allows for multi-state licensure
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AGING POPULATION
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individuals 60 and older to double between 2000 and 2030
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FAMILY STRUCTURE
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new family structures influence the need for and provision of nursing services.
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ROLE OVERLOAD
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a condition in which there is insufficient time in which to carry out all of the expected role functions.
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SOCIAL ISOLATION
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the separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers, and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication.
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AGING WORK FORCE
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40% of nurses will be over the age of 40.
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NURSING SHORTAGE
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supply of nurses inadequate to meet demand.
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AGGREGATE LIVING
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large collections of people may act as groups, with some degree of common purpose, but they may also act as non-organized collectivities or aggregates
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STATUTORY LAW
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laws enacted by a legislative body
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POLICIES
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rules developed to govern the handling of frequently occurring situations.
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CASE MANAGEMENT
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a method for delivering nursing care in which the nurse is responsible for a case load of clients across the health care continuum.
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COINSURANCE
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an insurance plan where the client pays a percentage of the payment and some other group (eg: employer, government) pays the additional percentage.
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DIAGNOSIS-RELATED GROUPS
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(DRG's)-- a Medicare payments system to hospitals and physicians which establishes fees according to diagnosis.
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HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
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the totality of services offered by all health disciplines.
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HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION
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(HMO) -- a group health care agency that provides basic and supplemental health maintenance and treatment services to voluntary enrollees.
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INDEPENDENT PRACTICE ASSOCIATIONS
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(IPA)-- provide care in offices, clients pay a fixed prospective payment and IPA pays the provider. Earnings or loses are assumed by the IPA.
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INTEGRATED DELIVERY SYSTEMS
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(IDS) -- systems that incorporates acute care services, home health care, extended and skilled care facilities and outpatient services.
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MANAGED CARE
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a method of organizing care delivery that emphasizes communication and coordination of care among all health care team members.
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MEDICAID
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a U.S. federal public assistance program paid out of general taxes and administered through the individual states to provide health care for those who require financial assistance.
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MEDICARE
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a national and state health insurance program for U.S. residents over 65 years of age.
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PATIENT-FOCUSED CARE
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delivery model that brings all services and care providers to the patient.
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PREFERRED PROVIDER ARRANGEMENTS
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(PPA) -- similar to PPO's but PPA's can contract with individual health care providers; the plan can be limited or unlimited.
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PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATION
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(PPO) -- a group of physicians or a hospital that provides companies with health services at a discounted rate.
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SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME
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(SSI)-- special payment for people with disabilities, those who are blind, people who are not eligible for Social Security; these payments are not restricted to health care costs.
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Values Clarification
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process by which people identify, examine and develop values.
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Accountability
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answerable to oneself and others for one's own actions.
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Autonomy
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the right to make one's own decisions.
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Code of Ethics
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a formal statement of a group's ideals and values
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Informed Consent
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agreement by the client to accept a course of treatment or a procedure after being provided complete information.
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Advanced Directives
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legal and lay documents that allow an individual to specify aspects of care if unable to make or communicate preferences.
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Advocate
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one who expresses and defends the cause of another.
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Teleology
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consequence--based theories:: look to outcomes or consequences to judge whether an action is right or wrong.
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Utilitarianism
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most good and least harm to the greatest number of people.
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Deontology
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principles--based theories :: emphasize individual rights, duties and obligations involve logical and formal processes.
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Caring Theories
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relationship--based theories:: stress courage, generosity, commitment and the need to nurture and maintain relationships.
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Nursing Ethics
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ethical issues that occur in nursing practice
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Professional Values
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values acquired during socialization into the profession.
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Personal Values
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internalized values.
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Justice
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fairness
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Moral Rules
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specific prescriptions for actions
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Veracity
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telling the truth
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Nonmaleficence
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do no harm
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Beneficence
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duty to do good
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Fidelity
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faithfulness to agreements and promises
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