Traditional Grammar

Front 1

sentence that makes a statement and tells about a person, place, thing, or idea; Tory is my daughter

Back 1

Declarative sentence

Front 2

sentence that asks a question; is that my son Jimmy?

Back 2

Interrogative sentence

Front 3

sentence that issues a command; Please clear the dinner table

Back 3

Imperative sentence

Front 4

sentence that communicates strong ideas or feelings; that was a great shot!

Back 4

Exclamatory sentence

Front 5

sentence that expresses wishes or conditions contrary to fact; if you were to hang onto the basketball rim, then you could experience the glory of every NBA player

Back 5

Conditional sentence

Front 6

sentence with a single subject or compound subject and a single predicate or a compound predicate; this has only one independent and no dependent clauses

Back 6

Simple sentence

Front 7

type of simple sentence; my dog growls

Back 7

Single subject, single predicate

Front 8

type of simple sentence; My dog and my cat growl

Back 8

Compound subject, single predicate

Front 9

type of simple sentence; My dog and my cat growl and appear agitated

Back 9

Compound subject, compound predicate

Front 10

type of simple sentence; I must have two vicious pets from the pound in my town

Back 10

Independent clause with two phrases

Front 11

sentence made up of two independent clauses; clauses must be joined by a semicolon or by a comma and a coordinating conjunction; my dog growls at the maiman, but my cat growls at her littermate

Back 11

Compound sentence

Front 12

sentence with one independt clause and one or more dependent clauses; when you pass the Praxis II test, you'll enjoy a career in teaching

Back 12

Complex sentence

Front 13

sentence that has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses; I just earned my teaching degree, and I plan to get a teaching job because I need a career

Back 13

Compound/complex sentence

Front 14

sentence that is clear and concise, employs imagery, precise language, and rhythm

Back 14

Effective sentence

Front 15

sentence containing one of the following problems:
unnatural language, such as cliches or jargon
nonstandard language or unparallel construction
errors such as pronoun referent problems
short, stilted sentences; run-on sentences; or sentence fragments

Back 15

Ineffective sentence

Front 16

nouns that do not name specific people, places, or things and are not capitalized; person, animal, car

Back 16

Common nouns

Front 17

nouns that name particular people, places, or things and are capitalized; President Bush, Chicago, Judaism

Back 17

Proper nouns

Front 18

nouns that name a thing that is tangible (can be seen, heard, touched, smelled, or tasted); dog, Campus Cinema, football

Back 18

Conrete nouns

Front 19

nouns that name an idea, condition, or feeling (something that is not concrete); ideals, justice, Americana

Back 19

Abstract nouns

Front 20

nouns that name a group or unit; gaggle, herd, community

Back 20

Collective nouns

Front 21

number of nouns such as book, library, bacterium, man

Back 21

Singular nouns

Front 22

number of nouns such as books, libraries, children, bacteria, men

Back 22

Plural nouns

Front 23

gender of nouns such as father, brother, uncle, men, bull

Back 23

Masculine nouns

Front 24

gender of nouns such as mother, sister, aunt, women, cow

Back 24

Feminine nouns

Front 25

gender of nouns such as window, shrub, door, college, car

Back 25

Neuter nouns

Front 26

gender of nouns such as chairperson, politician, president, professor, flight attendant

Back 26

Indefinite nouns

Front 27

case of noun that can be the subject of a clause or the predicate noun when it follows the verb be

Back 27

Nominative case noun

Front 28

case of noun that shows possession or ownership

Back 28

Possessive case noun

Front 29

case of noun that can be a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition

Back 29

Objective case noun

Front 30

type of verb that takes direct objects - words or word groups that complete the meaning of a verb by naming a receiver of the action; The secondary English student learns the methods of the master teacher

Back 30

Transitive verb

Front 31

type of verb that takes no objects or complements; an airplane flew overhead

Back 31

Intrasitive verb

Front 32

type of verb that connects the subject and the subject complement (an adjective, noun, or noun equivalent); it was rainy

Back 32

Linking or connecting verb

Front 33

type of verb that comes before another verb; she must have passed the Praxis II exam

Back 33

Auxiliary or helping verb

Front 34

tense of verb used to describe situations tht exist in the present time; Celia and Tory attend Curtis Corner Middle School

Back 34

Present tense verb

Front 35

tense of verb used to tell about what happened in the past; they attended Wakefield Elementary School

Back 35

Past tense verb

Front 36

tense of verb used to express action that will take place in the future; next year, they will attend Broad Rock High School

Back 36

Future tense verb

Front 37

tense of verb used when action began in the past but continues into the present; Annie has attended a charter school for two years

Back 37

Present perfect tense verb

Front 38

tense of verb used to express action that began in the past and happened prior to aother past action; Dr. Hicks reported that redistricting had alleviated the crowding problem in schools

Back 38

Past perfect tense verb

Front 39

tense of verb used to express action that will begin in the future and wil be completed in the future; by this time next year, Tory and Celia will have graduated eighth grade

Back 39

Future perfect tense verb

Front 40

phrase usually made up of to and the base form of a verb, such as to order or to abandon; can function as an adjective, adverb, or noun

Back 40

Infinitive phrase

Front 41

verb form that usually ends in -ing or -ed and operates as adjectives but also maintain some characteristics of verbs; barking dog, painted faces

Back 41

Participle

Front 42

phrase made up of a present participle and functioning as a noun; Gardening is my favorite leisure activity

Back 42

Gerund phrase

Front 43

type of pronoun such as I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who, what

Back 43

Simple pronoun

Front 44

type of pronoun such as itself, myself, anybody, someone, everything

Back 44

Compound pronoun

Front 45

type of pronoun such as each other, one another

Back 45

Phrasal pronoun

Front 46

the noun to which a pronoun refers; Jimmy is playing in a basketball tournament tomorrow. He hopes to play well

Back 46

Antecedent

Front 47

class of pronoun that takes the place of nouns; Coach Spence change his starting line-up and won the game

Back 47

Personal pronoun

Front 48

class of pronoun that relates adjective clauses to the nouns or pronouns they modify; a basketball player who plays with intensity and skill gets a place in the starting line-up

Back 48

Relative pronoun

Front 49

class of pronoun that usually refers to unnamed or unknown people or things; perhaps you know somebody who can slam-dunk a basketball

Back 49

Indefinite pronoun

Front 50

class of pronoun that asks a question; who are you and why do you play basketball?

Back 50

Interrogative pronoun

Front 51

class of pronoun that points out people, places, or things without naming them; this should be an easy win, they are undefeated

Back 51

Demonstrative pronoun

Front 52

words, clauses, or phrases that limit or describe other words or groups of words

Back 52

Modifiers

Front 53

type of modifier that describes nouns or pronouns; big, blue, old, tacky, shiny, an

Back 53

Adjective

Front 54

type of modifier that describes time, place, manner, or degree

Back 54

Adverb

Front 55

tomorrow, monthly, momentarily, presently

Back 55

Time adverb

Front 56

there, yonder, here, backward

Back 56

Place adverb

Front 57

exactly, efficiently, clearly, steadfastly

Back 57

Manner adverb

Front 58

greatly, partly, too, incrementally

Back 58

Degree adverb

Front 59

groups of related words that operate as a single part of speech, such as a verb, verbal, prepositional, appositive, or absolute; "in the doghouse"

Back 59

Phrases

Front 60

groups of related words that have both a subject and a predicate; "(I have a tendency to procrastinate) when I have a high-stakes assignment"

Back 60

Clauses

Front 61

type of punctuation used between two independent clauses, to separate adjectives, to separate contrasted elements, to set off appositives, to separate items in a list, to enclose explanatory words, after an introductory phrase, after an introductory clause, to set off a nonrestrictive phrase, to ensure clarity, in numbers, to enclose titles, in a direct address, to set off dialogue, to set off items in an address, and to set of dates

Back 61

Comma

Front 62

type of punctuation used at the end of a sentence, after an initial or abbreviation, or as a decimal point

Back 62

Period

Front 63

type of punctuation used at the end of a direct or indirect question and to show uncertainty

Back 63

Question mark

Front 64

type of punctuation used to separate groups that include commas and to set of independent clauses

Back 64

Semicolon

Front 65

type of punctuation used to express strong feeling

Back 65

Exclamation point

Front 66

type of punctuation used in contractions, to form plurals, to form singluar possessives, to form plural possessives, in compound nouns, to show shared possession, and to express time or amount

Back 66

Apostrophe

Front 67

type of punctuation used for emphasis, to set of interrupted speech, to set off an introductory series, and to indicate a sudden break

Back 67

Dash

Front 68

type of punctuation used to set off explanatory information and to set off full sentences

Back 68

Parentheses

Front 69

type of punctuation used to set of added words, editorial corrections, and clarifying information

Back 69

Brackets

Front 70

type of punctuation used between nubers, between fractions, in a special series, to create new words, and to join numbers

Back 70

Hyphen