Toxicology Exam 2 (Sa Plants)

Front 1

What does nicotine cause in the body?

Back 1

depolarizing ganglionic blocker

-initially mimics effects of Ach; initially stimulates then blocks receptors
-inhibits functions of the autonomic nervous system

Front 2

What are the 2 toxic principles of tobacco?

Back 2

nicotine
-anabasine - teratogin in LG animals

Front 3

What are the main systems affected by tobacco?

Back 3

CNS and CV

Front 4

What is the onset time of tobacco?

Back 4

15-60 minutes

Front 5

Where is tobacco poisoning mostly seen?

Back 5

puppies and young dogs

Front 6

What is the progression of CV signs with tobacco?

Back 6

-decrease HR early and then increase with blockade
-weak thready pulse with low BP

Front 7

What are differentials for tobacco?

Back 7

strycnine, roquefortine, OPs, Carbs

Front 8

What is the progrnosis for tobacco?

Back 8

fair to grave

Front 9

What is the treatment for tobacco?

Back 9

-lavage and give activated charcoal
-ventilate
-stabilize HR and BP; fluids and electrolytes
-atropine to control over stimulation of PSNS

Front 10

What tree is mistletoe parasitic to?

Back 10

oak and walnut

Front 11

What color fruit does mistletoe have?

Back 11

white berry

Front 12

What toxin in mistletoe is a GI irritant?

Back 12

phoratoxin (a toxalbumin) similar to castor bean

-biggest problem with ingestion of berries (also in leaves)

Front 13

What toxins in mistletoe are sympathomimetic amines?

Back 13

tyramine, choline, and beta-phenylethylamine

Front 14

What substance in mistletoe causes smooth muscle stimulation?

Back 14

oxytocin like substance (increase BP and RR)

Front 15

What are the 3 toxic principles associated with Mistletoe?

Back 15

1 - phoratoxin
2 - sympathomimetic amines
3- smooth muscle stimulation

Front 16

What is the main system affected by mistletoe?

Back 16

GI

Front 17

What is the onset time of mistletoe?

Back 17

12-24 hours

Front 18

What is the treatment of mistletoe?

Back 18

same for cardiac glycosides

- fluids and electrolytes
-lavage and activated charcoal
-atropine for bradycardia
-steroids

Front 19

What is the toxic principle of poinsettia and where is it located?

Back 19

-euphorbin, an irritant in the juice or sap (in leaves)

Front 20

What is the system affected by poinsettia?

Back 20

GI
-irritated oral mucosa in puppies, kittens, birds, and lizards
-emesis, diarrhea
-also conjunctivitis, keratitis, dermatitis

Front 21

What is the treatment for poinsettias?

Back 21

-remove and rinse mouth
-coat GI with demulcent
-fluids
-bland diet

Front 22

What is the most toxic principle of holly?

Back 22

glucosidic saponins

-also has caffeine and theobromine

Front 23

What system does saponins in holly hit?

Back 23

GI

Front 24

What are the toxic parts in holly?

Back 24

all parts

Front 25

Is salivation, vomiting, diarrhea in holly toxicosis self-limiting?

Back 25

yes

Front 26

What mushrooms are group-1 cyclopeptides?

Back 26

-amantia phalloides
-galerina spp.
-lepiota spp.

Front 27

Most poisionings with cyclopeptides occur with what?

Back 27

amanitins mostly (alpha and beta)
-also phalloidins

Front 28

Amanitines are clyclic polypeptide alkaloids that are potent to what organs?

Back 28

liver and kidney

Front 29

Are amanitins destroyed by stomach acid like phalloidins?

so, are they toxic orally?

Back 29

no

yes

Front 30

What do amanitins do?

Back 30

inhibit nuclear RNA polymerase II
-inhibit protein synthesis at ribosomes leading to cell death

Front 31

What are the systems affected by cyclopeptides?

Back 31

GI, liver, kidney

Front 32

What type of toxins are amatoxins?

Back 32

protoplasmic poisons

Front 33

How long does it take for the onset of signs after ingesting cyclopeptide mushrooms?

What are these signs?

Back 33

6-12 hours

-GI signs - violent vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, cramps (blood in the stool, serious retching)

Front 34

With cyclopeptide poisionsing, when do GI signs subside, and what takes its place?

Back 34

stop after 2-3 days
-at 3-5 days post ingestion, severe Liver and Kidney failure

Front 35

What clin path value will be seriously low with cyclopeptide poisoning?

Back 35

HYPOCALCEMIA

Front 36

What are differentials for cyclopeptide poisioning?

Back 36

blue green algae
cycad palm
aflatoxins
acetaminophen

Front 37

What drug can you give to reduce Amatoxin uptake?

Back 37

Pen G

Front 38

What is the treatment for cyclopeptides?

Back 38

-emesis and lavage
-multiple doses of activated charcoal
(one of the few times you give this much)
-fluids and electrolytes
-treat for liver insuff
-Pen G to reduce uptake of amatoxins

Front 39

What are the group 2 muscarinic mushrooms?

Back 39

Amanita muscaria (Fly mushroom)
Inocybe spp
Clitocybe spp.

Front 40

Is muscarine degraded by Ach esterase?

Back 40

no

Front 41

What has the greatest amount of muscarine in the muscarinic mushrooms?

Back 41

inocybe and clitocybe >> Amantia for muscarine

Front 42

What does muscarine act like?

Back 42

Ache

-uncontrolled stimulation since muscarine is not broken down by Ach'ase

Front 43

What is the onset time of muscarinic mushrooms?

Back 43

fast, hours (1-4)

Front 44

What are the systems hit by muscarinic mushrooms?

Back 44

GI, autonomic nervous system

Front 45

What are the signs of muscarinic muschrooms?

Back 45

SLUD
-miosis and bradycardia

Front 46

What is the treatment for muscarinic mushrooms?

Back 46

-early decontamination (AC)
-atropine

Front 47

What muschrooms are in the isoxazoles?

Back 47

Amaniita pantherina
Amanita muscaria (Fly mushroom)

Front 48

What are the toxins in isoxazole mushrooms?

Do they cross the BBB?

Back 48

ibotenic acid and muscimol


yes

Front 49

What does ibotenic Acid mimic?

Back 49

glutamate (excites)
-more difficult because there are mixed signs that are associated with it

Front 50

What is muscimol an agonist of?

Back 50

GABA-A

Front 51

What system does isoxazoles hit?

What signs are there?

Back 51

CNS

-chewing movements, miosis, opisthotonus, seizures, paddling, respiratory depression, coma

Front 52

What is the treatment for isoxazoles?

Back 52

-diazepam or barbituates for seizures -- keep ventilated

Front 53

What mushrooms are in the psilocybin and Psilosin group 4?

Back 53

Psilocybe spp
Paneolus
-both hallucinogenic - sacred mushrooms

Front 54

What is the toxic principle of psilocybin?

Back 54

psilocybin is metabolized to psilosin (active)

-stimulates 5-HT2 receptors causing hallucinogens - similar to LSD

Front 55

What system is affected by psilocybin and psilosin mushrooms?

Back 55

CNS

-ataxia, vocalization, agression, nystagmus, tremors or mild seizures, but no coma, increased HR, RR, and temp

Front 56

What do you give for psilocybin and psilosin toxicosis?

Back 56

diazepam and barbituates

Front 57

Name in order of toxicity from greatest to least, the cardiac glycosides?

Back 57

(1) oleander
(2) Purple Foxglove - common in the garden
(3) Lily of the Valley - common in the garden

Front 58

What is the mechanism of action for the cardiac glycosides?

Back 58

cause cardiac arrhythmias due to incomplete AV block

-changes Na-K ATP'ase in cell mb

Front 59

What are the systems hit by cardiac glycosides?

Back 59

CV, GI

Front 60

What is the onset time of cardiac glycosides?

Back 60

30 minutes to 3 hours

-GI signs predominate early
-CV signs later - pulse becomes rapid and weak as AV block progresses
--dropped beats, hypotension, shock, collapse, death

Front 61

What is important to monitor with cardiac glycoside poisioning?

Back 61

monitor serum K

Front 62

What are pharmologicacl treatments for cardiac glcosides?

Back 62

-lidocain or phenytoin for arrythmias
-fluids and electrolytes
-digibind for severe cases

Front 63

What brand of marijuana makes up 85% of US product?

Back 63

Sinsemilla

Front 64

What is the main toxin of marijuana?

Where is it most concentrated?

Back 64

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

-flowering tops>flowers>leaves>stems, seeds

-female is more toxic

Front 65

What is the mechanism of action of THC?

Back 65

has unclear effects on multiple brain neurotransmitters including serotonin, NE and dopamine

Front 66

What is the main system hit by THC?

Back 66

CNS - depression

-mydriasis - glazed eyes
-stupor, comoa

Front 67

What is the treatment for marijuana overdose in dogs?

Back 67

-phenothiazine tranqulizer or diazepam for rare hyperesthesia
-prevent extraneous stimuli (bright lights)

Front 68

What is the prognosis for marijuana?

Back 68

good to excellent - recovery may take 1-4 days

Front 69

What family of plants is responsible for the most calcium oxalate poisionings?

Back 69

Araceae Family

Dumb cane/Dieffenbachia is the worst in the group , Philodendrons, monstera and elephant ear, caladium and peace lily, pothos plant, skunk cabage, jack-in-the pulpit

Front 70

What parts of the plant have more Ca oxalate in them?

Back 70

all parts are toxic, but more Ca oxalate in stalk than leaves

Front 71

How does damage occur with Ca Oxalate plants?

Back 71

mechanical damage - from Ca oxalate needles --> rupture of idioblast and swelling of gel matrix by plant sap or saliva sends needle shooting out of cell to imbed in the GI tract

Front 72

What does the idioblast (of Ca OXalate plants) look like?

Back 72

whip worm eggs

Front 73

What is the main system hurt by calcium oxalate plants?

Back 73

GI

-dyspnea from larygeal edema
-loss of voice
-salivation
0head shaking

Front 74

What is the course of action with calcium oxalate plants?

Back 74

immediate - 1-14 days

Front 75

What is the best guess as to why grapes are toxic?

Back 75

tannins

Front 76

What are the clinical signs of grapes and raisin toxicity?

Back 76

GI and Renal

-VOMIT (initial)/diarrhea
-enlarges kidneys with proximal tubular nephrosis and hyaline casts

Front 77

What might clinical pathology data show from grape/raisin toxicity?

Back 77

-increased BUN, creatinine, phosphorus, potassium
-urine has hyaline casts and is isothenuric

Front 78

What is the onset time for grape/raisin toxicity?

Back 78

6-24 hours

Front 79

Name some bulbs that are toxic?

Which are the most toxic of these group?

Back 79

tulip, flag, hyacinths, crocus, saffron, amaryllis, daffodil, gladiola, autumn crocus, glory lily

-autumn crocus and glory lily (contain colchicine)

Front 80

What are the main clinical signs associated with bulb toxicosis?

Back 80

GI
-vomit/diarrhea, salivation

Front 81

What is the onset time for bulb toxicosis?

Back 81

< 1 hour (course usually 1-2 days)

Front 82

What are ways to be poisioned by a Christmas tree?

Back 82

needles or WATER (more common)

Front 83

What is the the pine needles and sap of a christmas tree that leeches into the water reservoir?

Back 83

monocyclic carbon alcohols (phenols, pine oil, ect)

Front 84

Who is most susceptible to Christmas tree toxicity and why?

Back 84

cats - deficient glucuronide conjugation mechanism

Front 85

Phenol-like compounds are protoplasmic poisons, which do what?

Back 85

denature and ppt proteins

-oxidizers, free radical production

Front 86

What systems are affected by Christmas Trees?

Back 86

CNS, liver, GI, renal

-yellow, friable liver, gasteroenteritis, nephrosis possible

Front 87

What animals are lilys most toxic to?

Back 87

cats
-less than 1 leaf is considered toxic for a cat

Front 88

What is the onset time for lily toxication?

Back 88

-less than 3 hours

-course is 3-7 days and biphasic like NSAIDS

Front 89

What are the major systems affected by lilys?

Back 89

GI, renal

-vomiting (6-12 hours)
-PU (early 12-24 hours)
-dehydration (late, >24 hours)
-oliguria (late)