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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Defined the term infectious diseases |
Infectious diseases, illnesses caused by pathogens, can be transmitted from one individual to another. |
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Give three examples of pathogens that cause infectious diseases |
Bacteria, viruses, and protozoa |
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Give four examples of infectious diseases |
HIV aids, tuberculosis, malaria, and chickenpox |
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What are host specific pathogens |
Who is the specific pathogens are pathogens that only infect a specific species. The pathogen cannot be transmitted to other species, but is the same species. |
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Give one example of a host specific pathogen |
Polio is a host specific pathogen that only affects humans |
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What are non-host specific pathogens |
None who is the specific pathogens are those that can be transmitted between an across organisms of different species. |
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Give two examples of non-specific pathogens |
Tuberculosis can be transmitted between humans and cattle. Rabies can be transmitted between dogs and humans. |
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What are zoonotic diseases. |
Zoonotic diseases are pathogens or diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans |
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What are the bodies two primary barriers against pathogens? |
Skin Mucous membranes |
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How does the skin act as a barrier against pathogens? |
The skin has a tough outer layer that prevents the entrance of any pathogens The skin also has sebaceous glands that produce lactic acid which prevents bacterial growth on the skin |
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How does the mucous membranes act as a barrier against pathogens? |
Mucous membranes I thought and soft open region of the body, such as the trachea and the urethra. Mucus contains an enzyme, called lysozyne, which kills bacteria |
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Describe how cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting |
Platelets in the blood release clotting factors when they get to the wound The clotting factors initiate reactions that activate certain molecules necessary for blood clotting An inactive substance called prothrombin, is converted into an active substance called thrombin Thrombin then converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin Fibrin forms a mesh of fibers around the cut The mesh of fibers traps blood cells to form a semisolid clot which dries to form a scab |
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What are the two types of white blood cells? |
Phagocytes Lymphocytes |
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What are the two types of white blood cells? |
Phagocytes Lymphocytes |
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Describe the function of phagocytes |
Phagocytes are able to engulf, kill, and digest any type of pathogen in the body through phagocytosis Lysosomes digest the engulfed pathogen. Phagocytes carry out nonspecific immunity. |
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What are the two types of white blood cells? |
Phagocytes Lymphocytes |
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Describe the function of phagocytes |
Phagocytes are able to engulf, kill, and digest any type of pathogen in the body through phagocytosis. Phagocytes carry out nonspecific immunity. |
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What is the function of lymphocytes? |
Specific types of lymphocytes work to counter specific types of pathogens. Lymphocytes are specific to the type of pathogen that they attack, and therefore carry out specific immunity. |
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What are the two types of white blood cells? |
Phagocytes Lymphocytes |
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How to antigens restrict blood donation between donors of different blood types? |
Blood that is donated to a patient must never contain antigens that are foreign to the patients blood cells, although the blood types of the donor and patient do not have to be identical. |
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Describe how phagocytes and the 4 types of lymphocytes produce antibodies. |
1. Phagocytosis: phagocytes engulf this pathogen and retains its antigens. 2. Helper T cell activation: Helper T cells bind to the antigen retained by the phagocytes. The helper T cell bound to the antigen is said to be activated. 3. B cell activation: B cells with antibodies that match the antigen bind to the activated helper T cell. The B cell is now said to be activated. 4. Production of antibodies: the activated B cells divide rapidly by mitosis and produce plasma cells and B memory cells Plasma cells produce antibodies Memory B cells remain in the body for a long time, and provide long term immunity against the pathogen. |
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How does HIV affect the immune system? |
The HIV virus attacks and destroys a certain type of T lymphocytes This reduces the number of active lymphocytes in the body, and the immune system loses its ability to produce a antibodies against several pathogens. As a result, the patient develops AIDS. |
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Describe the function of phagocytes |
Phagocytes are able to engulf, kill, and digest any type of pathogen in the body through phagocytosis. Phagocytes carry out nonspecific immunity. |
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What is the function of lymphocytes? |
Specific types of lymphocytes work to counter specific types of pathogens. Lymphocytes are specific to the type of pathogen that they attack, and therefore carry out specific immunity. |
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What is nonspecific immunity |
Nonspecific immunity is a form of immunity in which the body provides general immune defense against any or all of pathogens. Phagocytes white blood cells carry out nonspecific immunity |
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What is specific immunity? |
Specific immunity is a form of immunity in which the body’s Defense mechanism is specific to a given type of pathogen Lymphocyte white blood cells carry out specific immunity. |
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What are the types of lymphocytes. |
There are T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. There are T memory cells and helper T cells. There are B memory cells and Plasma cells. |
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What are antibodies? |
Antibodies are molecules produced by plasma cells, which are a type of B lymphocytes. Antibodies have specific shapes that compliment specific antigens or pathogens. |
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What are antigens? |
Antigens are molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, or glycoproteins on the surfaces of cells or microorganisms. |
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Why are antigens useful? |
Every cell in the body has unique antigens. Antigens are used for cell to cell recognitions between cells of the same body. Antigens also allow body cells to recognize foreign cells like pathogens. |
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Mention the 4 blood types, and the combinations of antigens that correspond to that blood type. |
Type A - O, A Type B - O, B Type AB - O, A, B Type O - O |
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What are monoclonal antibodies? |
Monoclonal antibodies are are a specific type of antibody that is produced to counter a specific antigen. |
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What are monoclonal antibodies? |
Monoclonal antibodies are are a specific type of antibody that is produced to counter a specific antigen. |
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How are monoclonal antibodies produced? |
The antigen for which it’s specific antibody is required is injected into a small mammal (mouse). The mammal is left for several weeks while their body has an immune response to the antigen. The mammal’s plasma B lymphocytes produce antibodies against the antigen that was extracted. These plasma cells are then fused with cancer cells to form hybridoma cells, which can divide continuously and produce the moniclonal antibodies. The hybridoma cells are clones in a culture medium, and the monoclonal antibodies that they produce are extracted and purified. |
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Why are the plasma cells fused with cancer cells to form hybridoma cells? |
Hybridoma cells have the characteristics of both cancer and plasma cells. They can therefore divide continuously and produce antibodies. |
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Why are the plasma cells fused with cancer cells to form hybridoma cells? |
Hybridoma cells have the characteristics of both cancer and plasma cells. They can therefore divide continuously and produce antibodies. |
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How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy test kits? |
HCG is a hormone that is only produced by pregnant women. Monoclonal antibodies against HCG are produced using the hybridoma method, and the antibodies are placed in pregnancy test kits. HCG in pregnant urine binds with the antibodies and produces a colored band. |
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Give one example of a common use of the monoclonal method of producing antibodies. |
Pregnancy test kits. |
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Give one example of a common use of the monoclonal method of producing antibodies. |
Pregnancy test kits. |
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How are vaccines used to control infectious diseases? |
Vaccines contain weakened or killed pathogens or antigens that are introduced to the body by injection or orally. The pathogens/antigens trigger an immune response, and antibodies, along with memory cells, are produced against the antigen. The memory cells provide long term immunity against the pathogen/antigen. |
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Give one example of a common use of the monoclonal method of producing antibodies. |
Pregnancy test kits. |
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How are vaccines used to control infectious diseases? |
Vaccines contain weakened or killed pathogens or antigens that are introduced to the body by injection or orally. The pathogens/antigens trigger an immune response, and antibodies, along with memory cells, are produced against the antigen. The memory cells provide long term immunity against the pathogen/antigen. |
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How many shots do vaccines require? |
Some vaccine require only one shot. Others require several booster doses, and each booster dose increases the concentration of antibodies above previous levels. |
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What are allergens? Give three examples. |
Allergens are environmental substances that trigger immune responses although being intrinsically harmless. Certain foods, dust, insect bites, etc. |
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What are allergens? Give three examples. |
Allergens are environmental substances that trigger immune responses although being intrinsically harmless. |
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How are allergic reactions caused? |
The presence of allergens causes specific B cells to differentiate into plasma cells, which produce large amounts of antibodies. The antibodies attach to mast cells, which prepare the mast cells against the allergen. When an allergen binds to the prepared mast cells, the mast cells produce large amounts of histamine, which induces an allergic reaction. |
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What are antibiotics? |
Antibiotics are chemicals made by microorganisms to kill other microorganisms. |
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What are antibiotics? |
Antibiotics are chemicals made by microorganisms to kill other microorganisms. |
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Give one example of an antibiotic and the organism that produces it. |
A fungi called penicillium sp produces penicillin, which kills bacteria. |
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What are antibiotics? |
Antibiotics are chemicals made by microorganisms to kill other microorganisms. |
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Give one example of an antibiotic and the organism that produces it. |
A fungi called penicillium sp produces penicillin, which kills bacteria. |
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How do antibiotics work? |
Antibiotics disruptive processes inside the prokaryote that it attacks, such as metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell wall formation. |
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What are antibiotics? |
Antibiotics are chemicals made by microorganisms to kill other prokaryotic microorganisms. |
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What are antibiotics? |
Antibiotics are chemicals made by microorganisms to target prokaryotic microorganisms. |
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What is antibiotic resistance? |
The bacteria is not affected by a certain antibiotic anymore. This is due to the development of mutated genes that resist antibiotics, within the bacteria population in the body. |
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What is antibiotic resistance? |
The bacteria is not affected by a certain antibiotic anymore. This is due to the development of mutated genes that resist antibiotics, within the bacteria population in the body. |
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What is multiple resistance? |
Multiple resistance is a situation in which a bacteria is unaffected by multiple antibiotics due to antibiotic resistance against many antibiotics. |
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Why can’t viruses be treated with antibiotics? |
Viruses do not carry out the functions of life because they depend on the metabolism of their host cell. I’m order to kill a virus, the host cell must be harmed as well. |
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Outline the outcomes of Florey and Chains experiment on antibiotics. |
8 mice were injected with pathogenic bacteria. 4 of the 8 mice were injected with penicillin.
The injected mice survived, while the uninjected mice all died |
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Outline Florey and Chains experiment on antibiotics. |
8 mice were injected with pathogenic bacteria. 4 of the 8 mice were injected with penicillin.
The injected mice survived, while the uninjected mice all died |
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How do memory cells provide long term immunity? |
When a previously infected pathogen is present, memory cells are able to persist after an infection, and quickly reproduce to form a clone of plasma B cells which produce antibodies against the pathogen. |
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What happens to the activated B cell? |
The activated B cell divides to produce a clone of cells. Active plasma cells develop from the clone of cells. |
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How do antibodies provide immune defense against phagocytes? |
Specific antibodies bind to specific phagocytes, and make the phagocytes easier to be digested by white cells. |
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How do antibodies provide immune defense against phagocytes? |
Specific antibodies bind to specific phagocytes, and make the phagocytes easier to be digested by white cells. |
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How long do plasma cells produce antibodies after infection? |
Antibody production can last several days until the antigens have been destroyed. |
