The World At The Beginning Of The Twentieth Century

Front 1

Nationalism

Back 1

-A sense of national identity

-developed from belonging to a group sharing common ties

-and the desire to work with others to achieve common goals related to these

-at times regardless of how it will affect other countries.

Front 2

Imperialism

Back 2

The practice of increasing a nation's power by taking control of other nations and their resources.

Front 3

Alliances

Back 3

Agreements between nations to work together for a specific goal such as defensive purposes, settling disputes, military and mobilization plans.

Front 4

Militarism

Back 4

The belief that a country should maintain a strong military capability and prepare to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Front 5

Britain (colonies, area, motivations)

Back 5

1. Covered approximately 25% of the Earth's surface, colonies in Canada, West Indies, Africa, India, NZ, Australia, parts of South East Asia and parts of America.

2. Isolated by water from other Euro countries, policy of 'splendid isolation' from Euro politics

3. to maintain the balance of power in Europe and remain the largest and most powerful empire

Front 6

Germany (colonies, area, motivations)

Back 6

1. relatively new nation so missed out on some imperialist opportunities

2. In the heart of Europe, gave them reason to fear a two front war.

3. to become the most powerful empire in Europe

Front 7

France (colonies, area, motivations)

Back 7

1. French Guiana in South America, Africa and Indochina

2. Close to Germany and Italy (peripheral power)

3. To become the most powerful empire and take revenge on Germany

Front 8

Russia (colonies, area, population, motivation)

Back 8

1. 60% of population were not Russian

2. Far left of Europe (peripheral power)

3. To expand empire into parts of Asia in particular

Front 9

Austria-Hungary (colonies, area, population, motivations)

Back 9

1. established its empire within Europe

2. somewhat in the middle of Europe

3. expand empire, gain complete control of the Balkans in particular

Front 10

Ottoman Empire (colonies, area, motivation)

Back 10

1. Shrinking Empire 'sick man of Europe' - eastern mediterranean, parts of present day iraq. lebanon, syria, part of southern europe.

2. Outer edges of Europe

3. Maintain the remainder of its empire

Front 11

The Balkan League (countries, area, motivation)

Back 11

1. Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece (traditionally had been part of Ottoman empire until first Balkan war, now Russia and AH are fighting over)

2. In between Russia, AH and Ottomans

3. Independence and Autonomy

Front 12

Three Emperors League (Who? When? Why? Impact?)

Back 12

1. Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia

2. 1873

3. Bismarck wanted to protect Germany against a two front war and isolate France after Franco-Prussian War.

4. Proved Germany to be a linchpin in European politics.

Front 13

2nd Three Emperors League (who? when? why? Impact?)

Back 13

1. Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia

2. 1881

3. Growing tension between AH and Russia over the Balkans, this alliance tried to repair relations after Russo-Turkish War.

4. Temporary Solution

Front 14

Triple Alliance (Who? When? Why? Impact?)

Back 14

1. 1882

2. Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary

3. Italy was weak and needed allies in case the French attacked. Italy supports Germany or AH if two or more powers attack.

4. Consolidated relationship between Germany and AH and Italy drawn into European politics.

Front 15

Reinsurance Treaty (who? when? why? impact?)

Back 15

1. 1887

2. Germany and Russia

3. Russia too tense of AH with Balkans to renew Three Emperors League, needed new ally. Germany wanted to protect against 2 front war. They were to remain neutral if other was attacked.

4. Increased tension between Russia and AH.

Front 16

Dual Alliance (who? when? why? impact?)

Back 16

1. 1891

2. Russia and France

3. Provide military aid and consult each other in the threat to European peace, Germany refused to renew Reinsurance Treaty with Wilhelm II pursuing an empire aggressively not strategically. --> Russia turns to France

4. Germany now faces a two front war.

Front 17

Anglo-Japanese Alliance (who? when? why? impact?)

Back 17

1. 1902

2. Britain and Japan

3. Japanese wanted recognition and Britain needed to ease concerns of Russian expansion into Asia.

4. Policy break of 'splendid isolation', easier for Britain to see Russia as a possible future ally.

Front 18

Entente Cordiale (who? when? why? impact?)

Back 18

1. 1904

2. France and Britain

3. Britain needs Euro ally, wants to avoid supporting Russia in Asia.

4. Settled Imperial disputes and provided military support if attacked. Triple Alliance is furious Britain is involved in alliance systems.

Front 19

Anglo-Russian Alliance (who? when? why? impact?)

Back 19

1. 1907

2. Britain and Russia

3. Both allies of France (helps ease tension), both increasingly scared of Germany

4. Settled colonial disputes over middle east and Asia, Triple Entente created. Germany felt pressured (internal propaganda, increasing army)

Front 20

Italo-Turkish War (who? when? why? outcome?)

Back 20

1. Italy and Turkey

2. 1911

3. Collapse of Ottoman Empire --> Italy wants new colonies

4. Italy gets Libya (North Africa)

Front 21

Austro-Prussian War (who? when? why? outcome?)

Back 21

1. Austria-Hungary and Germany

2. 1866

3. Aggressive foreign policy of Bismarck, increasing strength of Prussia, push to unite states into North German Confederation.

4. Development of North German Confederation, expansion of Prussian power, shifting the balance of power

Front 22

Franco-Prussian War (who? when? why? outcome?)

Back 22

1. France and Germany

2. 1870

3. Increasing national sentiment in Germany, push to unite south with north, opportunity to demonstrate political and military power

4. Germany takes Alsace and Lorraine, bitter rivalry, French humiliation, destabilizes European political power

Front 23

Russo-Turkish War (who? when? why? outcome?)

Back 23

1. Russia and Turkey

2. 1877

3. Russia trying to help Balkans to gain independence (to later conquer them) from Turkey. Conflict between Turkey, Russia, AH, Balkans push for independence.

4. Bosnia given to AH, Independence of Bulgaria and Montenegro, increasing tension over Balkan region.

Front 24

First Moroccan Crisis

Back 24

1. Germany, France and Britain

2. 1905-1906

3. Germany unhappy with relationship between Britain and France, wants to test this based on their old tensions (scramble for Africa) and test military strength.

4. Germany humiliated, France gains control of Moroccan political and financial affairs, alliance holds strong

Front 25

Second Moroccan Crisis

Back 25

1. Germany, France and Britain

2. 1911

3. Germany again tests their relationship

4. French give some territory to Germany (congo), British and French military alliance strong and Germany is spending more on naval.

Front 26

First Balkan War

Back 26

1. Balkan League, Turkey

2. 1912-1913

3. Increasing weakness of Turkey, Balkan League want to expand territory into weakening Turkey.

4. Territorial gains, independence of Albania, Tension between Serbia + Greece, and Bulgaria

Turkey almost completely pushed out of continental Europe down towards Middle East

Front 27

Second Balkan War

Back 27

1. Bulgaria against Serbia and Greece, Ottoman Empire

2. 1913

3. Ottoman Empire uses chaos to regain some territory lost in 1st war.

4. Bulgaria loses territory they conquered from Turkey

NOTE: As a result of the Balkan Wars, Bulgaria's old relationship with Russia disintegrates and they align themselves with AH. This means that Serbia is Russia's only ally in the Balkans and they'll do anything to please them.

Front 28

Scramble for Africa (background)

Back 28

- result of intense competition between Euro powers to colonize.

- Most of Africa was unknown before the mid-19th century except the coast because geography made exploration difficult.

- Africa was the last major land mass to be conquered and other nations who had missed out on colonizing parts of Asia or the Pacific wanted expansion in Asia.

Front 29

Scramble for Africa (France and Britain conflict)

Back 29

- Egypt had been part of Ottoman but had operated independently for most of the 19th century 'sick man of Europe'

- France and Britain didnt want Egypt to be independent --> economic interests

- 1881 Britain military occupied Egypt

- France very angry --> BIG TENSIONS

- Fashoda Incident --> French claimed Fashoda in 1898 and Britain sent military troops to force France to withdraw. Close to war but it was resolved and led to better relations

Front 30

Scramble for Africa (Mittleafrika)

Back 30

- Germany had plans to expand through middle of Africa (Mittleafrika)

- Intense rivalry for the Congo region in the heart of Africa but Belgium gained control and it became a colony of Belgium.

Front 31

Unification of Germany

Back 31

- Germany was 38 separate states in 1815 and dominated by Austria.

- In 1866 Prussia leads a new North German confederation and defeats Austria-Hungary in the Austro-Prussian War. (shows growth in nationalism and militarism)

- Bismarck uses national sentiment to get southern states to join Prussia and invade France (win- 1870)

- Change in balance of power

Front 32

Unification of Italy

Back 32

- Unified to form the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

- Drive by nationalist sentiment --> desire for greater independence from Austria-Hungary