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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many bones in the human body |
206 |
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Name the 4 parts that make the Skeletal system |
bones joints cartilage ligaments |
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What are the 2 divisions of the skeleton? |
Axial Appendicular |
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What are the 5 functions of bones |
Support of the body Protection of soft organs Movement due to attached skeletal muscles Storage of minerals and fats Blood cell formation |
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What are the 2 basic types of bone tissue? |
Compact Bone (homogenous) Spongy Bone (small needle-like pieces of bone with many open spaces) |
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There are four types of bones on the basis of shape, what are they called? |
Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones |
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Briefly describe the characteristics of long bones |
Typically longer than wide have a shaft at both ends Contain mostly compact bone (femur, humerus) |
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Briefly describe the characteristics of Short bones |
Generally cube shaped Contain mostly spongy bone (carpals, tarsals) |
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Briefly describe the characteristics of flat bones |
Thin and flattened usually curved Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone (Skull, ribs, sternum) |
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Briefly describe the characteristics of Irregular bones |
Irregular shape Do not fit other bone classification categories (vertebrae, hip) |
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What are the names of the shaft and ends of a long bone? |
Diaphysis (shaft, composed of compact bone) Epiphysis (ends of the bone, mostly spongy bone) |
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Describe periosteum |
it's the outside covering of the diaphysis it's a fibrous connective tissue membrane |
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Describe sharpy's fibers |
They secure periosteum to underlying bone |
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What is used to supply bone cells with nutrients? |
Arteries |
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Describe articular cartilage |
Covers the external surface of the epiphysis made of hyaline cartilage useful for decreasing the friction at joint surfaces |
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Describe the medullary cavity |
It's the cavity of the shaft Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat in adults) Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants |
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What is the skeleton mostly comprised of in an embryo? |
Hyaline cartilage |
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During fetal developement hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone, what 3 things remain mostly as cartilage? |
bridge of the nose parts of the ribs joints |
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What do Epiphyseal plates allow for? |
Growth of long bone during childhood |
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What are osteocytes? |
mature bone cells |
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What are osteoblasts? |
bone forming cells |
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What are osteoclasts? |
Bone destroying cells Breakdown bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium |
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What 2 bone cells are used in the remodeling process? |
Osteoblasts Osteoclasts |
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Name 8 types of different bone fractures |
Comminuted (bone breaks into many pieces) Compression (bone is crushed) Depressed (broken bone portion is pressed inward) Impacted ( Broken ends are forced into each other) Spiral (caused by twisting forces) Greenstick (partial break, bones often not fully ossified) Compound (broken bone protrudes through skin) Closed/simple (doesn't protrude through the skin) |
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How are bone fractures treated? |
by reduction and immobilization (realignment of the bone) |
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What are the 4 phases of bone repair? |
Haematomia (blood filled swelling is formed) Break splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus Fibrocartillage callus replaced by bony callus Bony callus is remodelled to form a permanent patch |
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What are the 3 types of tissue that make bone? |
Compact tissue Cancellous tissue Subchondral Tissue |
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Describe compact tissue |
harder outer tissue of bone, giving bone its strength |
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Describe Cancellous tissue |
Sponge like tissue inside bone, reduces weight of bone and contains red marrow |
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Describe subchondral tissue |
Smooth tissue at the end of bone, which is covered with cartilage |
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What kind of tissue is cartilage? |
Connective. |
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What are the 3 types of cartilage? |
Hylaine (flexible, slightly elastic, semitransparent, found at end of bones/joints) Elastic (contains elastic fibres, found in the epiglottis, nasal septum) Fibrocartilage (contains bundles of white fibres, intervertabral discs) |
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There are 2 types of marrow in bone, Red and yellow, What happens to yellow when a person starves themselves? |
The yellow marrow is fatty connective tissue that the body may use for energy |
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What 3 types of blood cells are made in bone marrow? |
Red blood cells white blood cells platelets |
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Bone is encased in 2 membranes, what are they called? |
Periosteum Endosteum |
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Describe the periosteum |
Outside covering that contains cells (osteoblasts) that are essential for bone maturation and repair. It houses blood and lymph vessels which nourish the bone and nerve fibers. |
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Describe the endosteum |
it's the inner membrane which lines the marrow cavity and it also contains cells that aid in growth and repair. |
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What is the definition of a joint? |
Where two bones meet. the 2 bones are connected to each other by a tendon. |
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What are the 5 types of joints in the human body? |
semi-moveable joints hinged joints immovable joints catilagenous joints ball and socket joints |
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Describe cartilagious joints |
allow a small amount of movement vertebrae are connected by cartilaginous joints this allows the vertebrae to twist and bend |
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Describe the ball and socket joint |
Allows the most movement |
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Describe a pivot joint |
Allows movement from side to side a hole in one bone fits over a pointed part in another |
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Describe the hinged joint |
allows movement back and forth, but only in one direction the elbow is a hinge joint |
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Describe immovable joints |
Some bones are permanently connected, or fused. |
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What bones make up the axial skeleton? (there are 5 in this list) |
Skull Vertebral column Hyoid bone Sternum Ribs |
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What 2 sets of bones are involved in the skull? |
Cranium Facial bones |
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Describe paranasal sinuses |
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity |
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Describe paranasal sinuses functions |
Lighten the skull give resonance and amplification of the voice |
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Describe what fontanelles are in relation to infant skulls |
they are fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones allow the brain to grow convert to bone within 24 months after birth |
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Give a brief a description of the vertebral column |
they are separated by intervertebral discs each vertebrae is given a unique name in relation to its location |
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The bony thorax forms a cage to protect major organs, what are the 3 parts that make it up? |
Sternum ribs thoracic vertebrae |
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What are the 3 things that re incorporated in the Appendicular skeleton? |
Limbs (appendages) pectoral girdle pelvic girdle |
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Describe the Pectoral Girdle |
Composed of 2 bones Clavicle (collarbone) Scapula (shoulder blade) These bones give exceptional free movement |
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The 3 long bones that make the arm are the ... |
Humerus Ulna Radius |
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What are the 3 bone names of the hand? |
Carpals (wrist) Meta Carpals (palm) Phalanges (fingers) |
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The hip bones are made of 3 fused bones, what are they called? |
Illium Ischium Pubic bone |
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What are 2 functions of the pelvis? |
protection of vital organs (reproductive organs, urinary bladder, part of the large intestine) The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis |
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What are the 3 long bones in the leg? |
Femur Tibia Fibula |
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What are the names of the 3 types of bone in the foot? |
Tarsus (ankle) Metatarsals (Sole) Phalanges (toes) |
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The bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches, what are they called? |
Medial longitudinal Arch Transverse arch lateral longitudinal arch |
