The Nervous System

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Blank is the master controlling and communicating system of the body.

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Nervous System

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The part of the nervous system outside the CNS and consists mainly of nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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The sensory division that conveys impluses to the CNS

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Afferent division

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The motor division carries impulses from the CNS to the effector organs, muscles and glands.

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Efferent division

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Allow us to conciously, or voluntarily, control the skeletal muscles. Often refered to as the voluntary nervous system.

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Somatic nervous system

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Regulates events that are involuntary such as the activity of smooth and cardiac muscle and glands. Also Refered to as the involuntary nervous system

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Autonomic Nervous System

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Cells that generally support, insulate, and protect the delicate neurons.

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Neuroglia

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Abundant star-shaped cells that account for nearly half the neural tissue. Their numerous projections have swollen ends that cling to the neurons, bracing them and ancoring them to the nutrient supply lines, the blood capillaries.

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Astrocytes

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These glia cells protect the neurons from harmful substances that might be in the blood. They also help control the chemical environment in the brain by picking up excess ions and recapturing released neurotransmitters.

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Astrocytes

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These glial cells are spiderlike phagocytes that dispose of debris including dead brain cells.

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Microglia

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Thes glial cells line the cavities of the brain and the spinal cord. The beating of their cilia helps to circulate the cerebro spinal fluid that fills those cavities and forms a protective cushion around the CNS.

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Ependymal Cells

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Glial cells that wrap their flat extenions tightly around the nerve fibers, producing fatty insulating coverings called myelin sheaths.

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Oligodendrocytes

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The supporting cells form the myelin sheaths by wrapping themselves around the nerve

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Shwann Cells

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These supporting cells provide cushioing around the cell body (Soma)

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Satelite Cells

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True or False, glia are not able to transmit nerve impulses and never lose their ability to divide.

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True

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Highly specilized cells that are able to transit nerve impulses from one part of the body to the other.

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Neurons

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The metabolic center of the neuron

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Cell Body (Soma)

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The intermediate filaments that are important in maintaining the cell shape.

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Nissl and Nuerofibrils

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The power house of the Cell Body responsible for supplying ATP

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Mitochondria

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Neuron processes that convey incoming signals to the cell body.

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Dendrites

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Neuron processes that convey signals away from the cells body.

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Axons

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The cone like region that attaches the axon to the cell body

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Axon hillock

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The axon branches off into terminal ends called

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Axon terminals

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A occasional branch that comes off of the Axon

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Axon Collaterals

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The axon terminals contain these chemicals

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Neurotransmitters

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Each axon terminal is seperated from the next nueron by a small gap called

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Synaptic Cleft

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Each nueron is attched to another by a ______

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Synapse

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A fatty material that surrounds the nerve fibers that insulate and increase the transmission rate of the nerve impulses

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Myelin Sheath

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The gaps between the myelin sheath

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Nodes of Ranvier

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True or False Oligodendrocytes creat Myleine sheaths around the CNS and can wrapp multiple fibers at once

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True

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The desease that occurs when the myelin sheaths around the fibers are gradually destroyed, converted to hardened sheaths called sclerosis.

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Multiple sclerosis

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Cell bodies found in the CNS in clusters are called

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Nuclei

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Small collections of cell bodies are called

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Ganglia

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Bundles of nerve fibers running through the CNS are called

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Tracts

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Bundles of nerve fibers running through the PNS are called

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Nerves

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True or false: The terms white matter and grey matter respectively refer to myelenated versus unmyelenated regions of the CNS

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True

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Dense collections of myelinated nerve fibers

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White Matter

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Dense collections of unmyelinated nerve fibers

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Grey Matter

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These receptors detect stretch or tension in the skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints.

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Propioceptors

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They connect the motor and (efferent) and sensory (afferent) neurons in a neutral pathways

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Association nuerons (or interneurons)

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The major ions located inside the cells are

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Positively charge Potassium Ions

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The major ions located outside the cells are

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Positively charged Sodium ions and negatively charge chloride

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Negatively charged ion

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anion

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Positievly charged ione

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cation

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When the plasma membrane is sitting at rest, or inactive the neuron is

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Polarized

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An inward rush of Sodium ions into the nerve

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Depolarization

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If enough sodium ions are rushed into the cell body (from the dendrites) an action potential occurs called

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Nerve impulse

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Diffussion of potassium ions out of the nerve is

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Repolariztion

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Gap between the transmitting neuron and the recieveing neuron

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Synaptic Cleft

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The sack that carries the neurotransmitter

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Vesicles

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Reflexes occur over neural pathways in the CNS and PNS called

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Reflex arcs

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Reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles are

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Somatic Reflex

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Reflexes that stimulate the smooth muscle, heart and glands are

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Autonomic Reflex

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These paired cerebral hemispheres collectively called ______, are the most superior part of the brain.

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Cerebrum

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The entire surface of the cerebral hemisphere exhibit elevated ridges of tissue called

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gyri

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The gyri is seperated by grooves called

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sulcus

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Deep sulcus grooves are called

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fissures

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Fissures seperate the cerebral hemsisphere called

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lobes

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Speech, memory, logical, and emotional response, voluntary movement are all part if this part of the brain

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cerebral cortex

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The somatic sensory area is located in the

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paritiel lobe

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This lobe alowws you to feel pain, coldness and light touch

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paritiel lobe

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The visual area of the brain is located in the

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occipital lobe

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The auditory part of the brain is located in the

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temporal lobe

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The primary motor area is located in the ________

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frontal lobe

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The motor axon of the motor nuerons form a major voluntary tract called the ______

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corticospinal (or pyramidal tract)

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The area of the brain that deals with speech

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Brocas area

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Located between the temporal, parietal and occipoital lobes

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Speech area

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The large fiber tract allows cerebral hemispheres to communincate with each other

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Corpus Callosum

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grey matter buried deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere

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basil nuclei

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The part of the brain that makes up the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalumus.

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Diencephalon (or inter brain)

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A relay station which encloses the third ventricle that passes sensory impulses to the sensory cortex.

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thalamus

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This part if the brain is responsible for regulating bado temperature, metabolism, and water balance. It also is the center for the emotional drive (Limbic system).

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Hypothalamus

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THe part of the brain that regulates the pituitary gland

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Hypothalamus

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This is located at the bottom of the thalamus abd is responsible for the olfactory sense (smell)

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Mammillary bodies

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This forms the roof of the third ventricle and has the imprtant parts of Pineal Body, and choriod plexus.

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Epithalamus

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Is about the size of a thumb and contains the structures of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

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Brain Stem

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This part of the brain extends from the mammillary bodies to the pons (inferiorly).

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Midbrain

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A tiny canal that travels through the midbrain and connects the third ventrical to the fouth ventricle (below)

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Cerebral aqueduct

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Located in the midbrain and is responisible for ascending and descending nerve pulses

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Cerebral peduncles

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Located in the midbrain and are relfex centers for vision and hearing.

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Cerebral quadrigemina

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Located in the inferior part of the brain stem. It merges into the spinal cord and contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing swallowing, and vomiting.

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Medulla Obligonta

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A round structure that is located just below the midbrain and is made mostly of fiber tracts.

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Pons

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Extends the entire length of the brain stem and is involved with motor control and organs.

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Reticular Formation

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Plays a role wake and sleep. Damage to this is the result of a coma.

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Reticular activating system

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Provides precise timing for the skeletalk muscle activity and controls our equilibrium.

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Cerebellum

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The three connective tissue membranse covering and protecting the CNS structures.

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Meninges

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The two layered outer most layer of the meninges. ALso means tough mother

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Dura Mater

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The outermost part of the durmater and is connected to the skull

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Periosteal layer

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The inner most part of the dura mater and forms the outermost covering of the brain.

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Meningeal layer

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The middle meningeal layer. Looks like a spider layer.

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Arachnoid Mater

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The subarachnoid is connected to this mater. Also mean gentle mother.

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Pia Mater

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The water fluid forms a water fluid around the barin

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Coronary Sinus Fluid

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The part of the mininges that absorbs the CSF

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Arachniod villus

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Occurs when the brain is slightly injured. The victim becomes dizzy and my lose conciousness (temporarily)

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Concussion

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An injury that results in a coma for hours to a lifetime.

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Contusion

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After a severe head blow the patient may die of this swelling of the brain

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Cerbral Edema

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Commonly called a stroke

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Cerebrovascular accident.

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A cylindrical body that is about 17inches in length. Provides a two way pathway to the brain.

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Spinal Cord

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The collection of spinal nerves located inferior end of the vertebral canal. Look like a horses tail

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Cuada Equina

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The cell bodies of the sensory nuerons whose fibers enter the cord by the ____. If the ____ is damaged the patient will lose sensation from the body area.

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Dorsal root

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The grey matter of the spinal cord sends motor nerve impulses out the axons in the _______

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Ventral Root

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A bundle of neuron fibers found outside of the CNS.

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Nerve

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(Nerve Structure) Sorrounds the neuron fiber.

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Endoneurium

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(Nerve Structure) Sorrounds a group of nerve fibers

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Perineurium

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(Nerve Structure) A bundle of nueron fiber (includeing Endoneurium and Perineurium).

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Fascicles

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(Nerve Structure) Outer layer if the nerve

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Epineurium

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(Spinal Nerve) Located at the top of the spinal chord

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Cervical Nerves

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(Spinal Nerve) Located below the Cervical Nerve

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Thoracic Nerves

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(Spinal Nerve) Located directly below the thoracic nerve

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Lumbar Nerves

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(Spinal Nerve) Located directly under the Lumbar Nerve Inferior most of the spinal chord

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Sacral

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One of the two parts of the Autonimic Nervous system that calms down the body (unwind)

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parasympathetic

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One of the two parts of the Autonimic Nervous system that excites the body (fight or flight)

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Sympathetic Division (thoracic columber)