The Neonatal Spine/ Pediatric Female Pelvis

Front 1

bundle of nerve roots from the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves that descend vertically from the spinal cord until they reach their respective openings at the vertebral column

Back 1

Cauda equina

Front 2

the caudal end of the spinal cord

Back 2

Conus medullaris

Front 3

slender tapering terminal section of the spinal cord

Back 3

Filum terminale

Front 4

dilation of the central canal of the spinal cord

Back 4

Hydromyelia

Front 5

common benign tumor composed of fat cells

Back 5

Lipoma

Front 6

protrusion of the meninges through the gap in the spine

Back 6

Meningocele

Front 7

the spinal cord and nerve roots are exposed, often adhering to the fine membrance that overlies them

Back 7

Myelomeningocele

Front 8

Cleft spinal cord resulting from failure of the neural tube to close

Back 8

Myeloschisis

Front 9

open neural tube defects, such as myelomeningocele and meningocele (non skin covered lesions)

Back 9

Spina bifida aperta

Front 10

closed neural tube defects, such as a spinal lipoma and tethered cord (skin covered lesion)

Back 10

Spina bifida occulta

Front 11

fixed spinal cord that is positioned in the abnormal position

Back 11

Tethered spinal cord

Front 12

The spinal cord is the main pathway for info connecting the ____ and ____.

Back 12

brain and peripheral nervous system

Front 13

The human spinal cord is proteced by the ____.

Back 13

bony spinal column.

Front 14

The spinal column is made up of ____.

Back 14

vertebrae

Front 15

Although the spinal column is somewhat flexible, some of the vertebrae in the ___ parts of the spinal column become ____.

Back 15

lower/ fused

Front 16

The spinal column extends down to only the ___.

Back 16

last of the thoracic vertebrae

Front 17

Nerves that branch from the spinal cord from the lumbar and sacral levels must run in the vertebral canal for a distance before they exit the vertebral column/ collection of nerves in the vertebral canal/ "horse tail"

Back 17

cauda equina

Front 18

Which vertebrae do you count during an exam?

Back 18

The bottom

Front 19

Condition in which the spinal cord is abnormally fastened to an immovable structure such as a lipoma, vertebra, dura, or skin/ The spinal cord is then fixed between two points: first at the tethering structure and second at the base of the brain/ thus vertebral structures that move as a result of growth, daily activity, or pathologic skeletal change will stretch the spinal cord abnormally resulting in the segment of tethered spinal cord stretched beyond its tolerance and damage to blood vessels, nerve cells, and nerve fibers occurs.

Back 19

Tethered spinal cord

Front 20

the membrance covering the spinal cord

Back 20

dura

Front 21

Most common complaints/findings with tethered spinal cord

Back 21

decrease in strength of the legs, loss of bowel and bladder control, deformity of the legs or hips, back or leg pain, loss of reflexes and sensation in the legs, as well as curvature of the spine/ often there are skin abnormalities overlying the tethered cord, such as midline hair dimples, sinuses or tracts leading from the skin towards the spinal cord, birthmarks, fatty lumps, or small tufts of hair.

Front 22

Reasons for u/s of the spinal cord in newborns

Back 22

cutaneous lesions of the back, deformities of the spinal column, neurologic disturbances, suspected spinal cord injury due to traumatic birth, and syndromes associated with spinal cord compression

Front 23

U/s of teh spinal cord in newborns performed in ___ and ____ planes from the ____ to the ____.

Back 23

sagittal and axial/ craniocervical junction to the sacrum

Front 24

Typically, the newborn is examined in the ___ position.

Back 24

prone

Front 25

In tethering of the spinal cord, abnormal _____ of the spinal cord adjacent to the _____ is seen when the pt is in prone position. In addition, failure of _____ of the spinal cord and nerve roots can be demonstrated with _____.

Back 25

dorsal fixation/ arches of the vertebrae/ pulsatile movement/ M-mode scanning

Front 26

______ have been the msot common reason for requesting neonatal spinal sonography.

Back 26

Midline cutaneous abnormalities over the lower back

Front 27

Midline hair patches, fatty lumps, skin tags, pigmented nevi, lumbar dimples, aplisia cutis, and hemangiomas over the back should....

Back 27

prompt a search for an OCCULT tethered spinal cord.

Front 28

duplication of the uterus and uterine horn or branches

Back 28

bicornate uterus

Front 29

blood filled vagina and uterus

Back 29

hematometrocolpos

Front 30

fluid filled vagian

Back 30

hydrocolpos

Front 31

concerning or characteristic of the same sex

Back 31

isosexual

Front 32

the early or primitive ovum before it has developed completely

Back 32

oocytes

Front 33

a cell produced at an early stage in the formation of an ovum

Back 33

oogonium

Front 34

either of the paired ducts that form adjacent to the mesonephric ducts in the embryo

Back 34

paramesonephric ducts

Front 35

anomaly of the uterus in which only one horn develops

Back 35

unicornate uterus

Front 36

complete duplication of the uterus, cervix, and vagina

Back 36

uterus didelphys

Front 37

In embryos with double "X" chromosome (female), differentiation of the gonads....

Back 37

occurs later than in males.

Front 38

All embryos have ____ pairs of genital ducts in the beginning/ The female or _____ ducts develop into the female reproductive system.

Back 38

identical/ paramesonephric

Front 39

There are no morphologic indications on male or female until the ____ week of gestation.

Back 39

9th

Front 40

External sex organs are fully deveoped by the ____ week.

Back 40

12th

Front 41

Both the urethra and vagina open into the ____, which becomes the _____/ The urogenital folds become the ____ and the phallus becomes the ____.

Back 41

urogenital sinus/ vestibule of the vagina/ labia minora/ clitoris

Front 42

The normal bladder will have a ____ wall/ The distal ureters are not usually visualized unless they are ____/ The normal wall is ____ with a mean average of ____.

Back 42

smooth, thin/ dilated/ 3mm/ 1.5 mm

Front 43

The uterus is ____ shaped/ ____ smaller than ____.

Back 43

pear/ fundus cervix

Front 44

The ____ stimulate the initial size of the uterine cavity after birth/ as these hormones decrease, so does the uterine size/ The uterus assumes a ____ shape with the ____ consuming more area than the uterus.

Back 44

maternal hormones/ teardop/ cervix

Front 45

The uterus increases in size after the age of ___/ the greatest increase occurs after the onset of ___.

Back 45

7 years/ puberty

Front 46

The uterus has bilateral ____ which are branches of the ____.

Back 46

uterine arteries/ internal iliac arteries

Front 47

In the neonatal pt, the ovary may be found anywhere between the ___ and the _____.

Back 47

lower pole of the kidneys and the true pelvis

Front 48

Blood supply to the ovary is from the ____ that originates directly from the ___ and from the _____.

Back 48

ovarian artery/ aorta/ uterine artery

Front 49

Ovarian volume in cubic cm=

Back 49

lenght x heigth x width x 0.523

Front 50

There are very high associated _____ associated with abnormalities of the uterine cavity.

Back 50

renal anomalies

Front 51

Six classes of mullerian duct anomalies

Back 51

1: Segmental mullerian agenesis or incomplete vaginal canalization
2. Unicornate uterus
3. Uterus didelphys
4. Bicornate Uterus
5. Septate Uterus
6. Related to the exposure to the durg diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero

Front 52

True hermaphrodites have both....

Back 52

ovary and testicular tissue

Front 53

True precocious puberty is always ____ and involve the development of secondary characteristics and in increase in the size and activity of glands/ The uterus is enlarged and ovarian volume is enlarged (greater than 1 cubic cm), functional cysts are often present.

Back 53

isosexual

Front 54

Precocious pseudopuberty involve the maturation of ____ sexual characteristics but not the ____, as there is no activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. ______ by the adrenal gland, tumors, or cysts is the most common cause.

Back 54

secondary/ gonad/ excessive exogenous synthesis of gonadal steriods

Front 55

The development of the ovary begins in the ____ and continues during childhood.

Back 55

fetal gestational period

Front 56

Most fetal cysts resolve spontaneously but may persist into the ___ period/ Small follicular cysts of ___ are a common and normal finding in neonatal ovaries.

Back 56

neonatal/ 3 to 7mm

Front 57

may occur at any age from neonate to adulthood/ most commonly in the first two decades of life

Back 57

ovarian torsion