The Integument System

Front 1

Hypodermis

Back 1

superficial fascia;
subcutaneous tissue just deep to the skin; consists of adipose plus some areolar connective tissue

Front 2

What are the tissue types and general function of the Hypodermis?

Back 2

adipose and areolar connective tissue
protection and thermal temperature regulations

Front 3

Why is the hypodermis not considered a layer of the skin?

Back 3

it actually reside just below the skin; it is superficial to the the tough connective tissue wrapping of the skeletal muscles

Front 4

Dermis

Back 4

is strong and flexible connective tissue; it has 2 layers;
contains nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; major portion of the hair follicle, sweat gland

Front 5

What cells are found mostly in the Dermis?

Back 5

fibroblasts macrophases and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells.

Front 6

What is the matrix of the dermis

Back 6

semi fluid matrix embedded with fibers and binds the entire body together

Front 7

What are the 2 layers of the Dermis

Back 7

reticular layer
papillary layer

Front 8

Reticular Layer

Back 8

bottom Layer of the Dermis - coarse irregular arranged dense fibrous connective tissue

Front 9

Cantaneous plexus

Back 9

network of blood vessels that nourish this layer

Front 10

Papillary layer

Back 10

areolar connective tissue in which fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat that is heavily invested with small blood vessels

Front 11

What are the accessory organs of the skin

Back 11

Sweat glands
Hair and Nails

Front 12

What are the major components of the Integument System

Back 12

Skin, hypodermis, sweat glands, Hair and nails

Front 13

What are the functions of the Integument system?

Back 13

Major: Protection, Temperature Regulations, Sensory Reception, Vitamin D synthesis,
Minor: Blood Reservoir, Excretion

Front 14

What are the layers of the skin?

Back 14

Dermis and Epidermis

Hypodermis is not a true layer

Front 15

What is the cell type for the Dermis?

Back 15

fibroblasts, macrophages and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells

Front 16

What fibers

Back 16

nerve fibers; elastic

Front 17

Where does the blood and nerve supply come from?

Back 17

papillary layer - small blood vessels interwoven with fine collagen and elastic fibers;
Reticular layer ; cutaneous plexus

Front 18

Epidermis

Back 18

a keratinized stratifies squamous epithelium layer of the skin

Front 19

What are the 4 cell types of the epidermis?

Back 19

Keratinocytes (primary)
Melancytes
Landerhands cells
Merkel cells

Front 20

Kerantinocytes

Back 20

Primary cell type of the epidermis; primary function is to produce karatin fiberils; the fiberous protein that helps give the epidermis is protective properties

Front 21

Melanocytes

Back 21

the spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melanin found in the deepest layer of the epidermis

Front 22

Langerhans Cells

Back 22

Epidermal dendrictic cells; they ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune systems; Macrophage

Front 23

Stratum Basale

Back 23

rapid cell division; specialized cells Merkel and Melanocytes (alt name stratum germinativum)

Front 24

Stratum Spinosum

Back 24

(Prickly or Spiny Cell Layer) several cells thick; weblike system of intermediate filaments, mainly tension-resisting bundles or pre-keratin filament which span their cytosol to attach to desomosomes; Langerhan cells fight infection, shape of the cell is caused by strong adhesion junctions

Front 25

Stratum Granulosum

Back 25

3-5 cell layers in which karatinocyte apperance changes through karatinization; the cells flatten, their nucei and organelles begin to form 2 layers keratohyaline granules and lamellated granules; contain granules of melanin and glycolipids (waterproofing)

Front 26

Keratinization

Back 26

where the cells fill with the protein keratin

Front 27

keratin

Back 27

fiberous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties (greek

Front 28

Melanin

Back 28

Melan=black
Dark pigment formed by cells called melanocytes; imparts color to skin and hair

Front 29

Thick Skin

Back 29

which covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet,

Front 30

Thin Skin

Back 30

covers the rest of the body, the stratum lucidum appears to be absent and the other strata are thinner

Front 31

What are the five layers of the epidermis?

(from dermis to top)

Back 31

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum (only Thick)
Stratum Corneum

Front 32

friction ridges

Back 32

On the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, these papillae lie atop larger mounds called dermal ridges, which in turn cause the overlying epidermis to form epidermal ridges which collectively form friction ridges which increase friction for gripping ability of the finger tips

Front 33

Rule of Nines

Back 33

Method of computing the extent of burns by dividing the body into a number of areas, each accounting for 9% (or a multiple of) of the total body

Front 34

Eccrine Sweat Glands

Back 34

also called merocrine sweat Glands, are more numerous on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead; simple coiled tubular gland coiled in the dermis reaching to the surface; secrete mostly water with salt and urea

Front 35

Apocrine Sweat Glands

Back 35

app 2000; mostly the axillary and anogenital areas; larger and tend to be deeper s creation is odorless basic components water with salt, urea but also contain protiens and lipids

Front 36

Ceruminous (sweat) Glands

Back 36

modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal; their secretions mixes with sebum produced by nearby sebaceous glands to form a sticky, bitter substance called earwax or cerumen

Front 37

Mammary Glands

Back 37

specialized sweat glands, secrete milk

Front 38

Jaundice

Back 38

is a yellow color of the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes. The yellow coloring comes from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells; usually signifys liver disorders;

Front 39

Cyanosis

Back 39

when the hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated, both the blood and the skin of caucasians appear blue; skin often becomes cyanotic during heart failure

Front 40

Hematoma

Back 40

mass of clotted blood that forms at an injured site

Front 41

Carcinoma

Back 41

the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells.

Front 42

Alopecia

Back 42

Baldness; hairs are not replaced as quickly as they are shed

Front 43

Malignant Melanoma

Back 43

the most dangerous skin cancer because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherphy; 2-3% of the cancers begins wherever there is pigment; key is early detection;

Front 44

carotene

Back 44

a yellow to orange pigment found in certain plant products such as carrots; it tends to accumulate in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue; is visible in the palms and soles of feet

Front 45

Merkel Cells

Back 45

Tactile Cells; are present at the epidermal junction; shaped like spikey hemisphere; each is associated with a disclike sensory nerve ending and functions as a sensory receptor for touch

Front 46

Addison's Disease

Back 46

Characterized by Bronzing Skin; in which the adrenal cortex is producting inadequate amounts of its steroid hormone or a sign of the presence of pituitary gland tumors

Front 47

Male Patter Baldness

Back 47

genetically dertermined, sex-influenced condition; thought to be caused by a delayed-action gene that switches on in adulthood and changes the response of the hair follicle DHT

Front 48

sebum

Back 48

oil substance secrete by the sebaceous glands

Front 49

sebaceous glands

Back 49

oil glands; simple branched alveolar glands taht are found all over the body except in the thick skin (palms and soles of the feet)

Front 50

Hairs or??

Back 50

Pili; flexible strands produced by hair follicles and consist largely of dead, keratinized cells

Front 51

What are the major functions of the Integumentary System and explain

Back 51

Protection - barrier against infections, acid & base burns, chemicals
Temperature Regulation - sweat glands and vascular
Sensory Reception - nerve ending for pain and pressure
Vitamin D Synthesis - interaction of sunlight and cholesterol...needed for Ca++(Calcium) Absorption by the intestine

Front 52

What are the minor functions of the Intefumenary System and explain

Back 52

Blood Reservoir - Large supply of blood can be used as source for water and minerals
Excretion - sweat glands removing urea and other waste products

Front 53

What is the hypodermis made up of?

Back 53

adipose tissue, collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels and special nerves

Front 54

What is the Dermis made up of?

Back 54

dense irregular tissue, connective tissue, blood vessels, sweat glands and sebaceous glands

Front 55

What is the epidermis made up of?

Back 55

stratified squamous cells, avascular and has 5 layers

Front 56

What is the purpose of the Hypodermis?

Back 56

to bind the integument onto the underlying structures (muscles) and storage of energy

Front 57

What are the pacinian corpuscles?

Back 57

the reticular layer of the dermis

Front 58

where are the meissner's corpuscles?

Back 58

in the papillary layer of the dermis

Front 59

What is the major cell type of the Skin?

Back 59

Fibroclasts and mast cells

Front 60

What are the fibers of the skin?

Back 60

Collagen fibers everywhere along with elastin tissue in the papillary layer

Front 61

Describe the blood and Nerve supply of the skin

Back 61

Highly vascular and innverted

Front 62

Lymph vessels of the skin

Back 62

Contain WBC-immune system

Front 63

What are 3 accessory organs to the epidermis

Back 63

Sense receptors ; hair follicles; sweat glands

Front 64

What are pacincian corpulse

Back 64

sense receptors (deep tissue)

Front 65

What are the dermal Papillae?

Back 65

fingerprint ridges

Front 66

Stratum lucidum

Back 66

found only in thick skin, no melanin

Front 67

Stratum Corneum

Back 67

Cornified Cell Layers - think layer of dead squamous cells

Front 68

Does everyone have the same amount of melanocytes per square inch of skin

Back 68

yes

Front 69

What gives the skin a pinkish color

Back 69

Hemoglobin

Front 70

What may bluish skin indicate

Back 70

low oxygen and high amounts of carbon dioxide; cyanosis

Front 71

If the Skin is pale it might indicate?

Back 71

Anemic

Front 72

If the skin is flushed?

Back 72

Hypertension, fever or embarrassment

Front 73

What produces the range of skin colors

Back 73

How much melanin is distributed in the cell and how long it remains stable

Front 74

What protects the nuclues (DNA) from UV radiation

Back 74

Melanin

Front 75

Where does the Hair start and end

Back 75

Start in the dermis and resides in the dermis

Front 76

Explain the shaft part of the hair

Back 76

part of the hair above the surface of the scalp (dead material=hair cells that are keratinized)

Front 77

Explain the bulb and root

Back 77

Living part of the hair root, contains a small area of dermal papilla tissue which supplies the hair bulb with nutrients

Front 78

Explain the Concentric Layers of the hair

Back 78

Cuticle (outermost) cortex and medulla

Front 79

What are the 3 parts of the bulb

Back 79

papilla - contains blood vessels and provides nutrients
root plexus -nerve endings
matrix - layer of mitotic cells surrounding the dermal papilla

Front 80

What are 2 layer of the follicle walls

Back 80

Connective sheath - outer layer
Epithelial sheath - inner layer

Front 81

Arrector pili muscles

Back 81

a bundle of smooth muscle, which raises the hair in response to fear, cool surface tempatures as a protection mechanism

Front 82

What makes up the hair color

Back 82

melanin, hemosiderin (yellow, rust, brown, black and trichosiderin (red)

Front 83

What are the shapes of hair

Back 83

ribbonlike=kinky
oval = silky wavy
round - straight and tends to be coarse

Front 84

What is vellus hair

Back 84

pale and fine hair tends to be the hair of children and females

Front 85

What is terminal hair

Back 85

coarser, longer, darker (axillary pubic, male = face chest arms and legs