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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ilya Metchkinoff |
- Proposed Cell-Mediated Immunity in 1882
- Published observations of starfish larvae phagocytes
- Proposed Body was defended against invasion by phagocytes, a process analogous to inflammation.
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Emil Behring |
- Proposed Anti-body mediated immunity.
- Published observations of how serum factors could be used to confer immunity to diptheria.
- Proposed body was defended against invasion by serum factors. (Anti-bodies) |
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Paul Erlich |
- Proposed that an Antibody and an Antibody Generating substance (antigen) interacted like a lock and key
- Proposed the 'Side-Chain' Theory, all antibody producing cells are pre-programmed against all possible antigens.
- Antigen binding to a specific anti-body induces a cell to synthesize selected anti-body, excludes all others.
- "Selective theory" |
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Sir Almoth Wright |
- Proposed bacteria bacteria needed to be coated with certain serum factors named Opsonins.
- Indicated cell-mediated immunity and anti-body mediated immunity are equally important for protection against microbial infections. |
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Sir Peter Medawar |
- Showed that transplant rejection was a cell mediated process |
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Niels Jerne, David Talmadge, and Macfarlane Burnet
Clonal Selection Theory |
1. Individuals continuously produce numerous short lived, clonally derived lymphocytes.
2. Antigen binds to one of these clonally-derived lymphocytes and activates that particular lymphocyte.
3. If no antigen binds to a particular lymphocyte, that lymphocyte will die within a few days. |
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Functions of the lymphatic system:
1- Fluid recovery |
- Closed circulatory system, 01% leakage rate. (about 3 liters per day)
- Open lymphatic system returns this fluid back to the bloodstream. |
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Functions of the lymphatic system:
2- Fat absorption system |
- Specialized lymphatics called lacteals project into the villi in the intestines
- Lacteals contain milky-looking lymph containing absorbed fats called chyle
- Lacteals allow fats to be slowly metered into circulation. First they are packaged into chylomicrons, then folded into the circulatory system via the thoracic duct.
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Lymph |
- Clear, extracellular fluids that leak s from the circulatory system
- Does not contain RBC's or most blood proteins. |
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Lymphatics |
- Thin walled, vein like vessels - More permeable to incoming fluids than blood capillaries
Collect lymph from tissue interstices. Directs flow of lymph, pooling in legs and feet. Makes you tired. |
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Bone Marrow |
Central lymphoid organ
- Site for hematopoesis, produces all blood cells
- Site for B cell maturation, undergo negative selection again self-specificity, and positive selection for reactivity in other sites in bone marrow.
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Thymus |
Central lymphoid organ
- Site for T-cell maturation
- T-cells produced in specific sites in the bone marrow, but undergo an even more rigorous maturation process in the thymus. |
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Lymphocytes Vs. Leaukocytes |
Leaukocyte = Any white blood cell
Lymphocyte - Refers only to cells of the immune system with restricted access to the lymphatic system |
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Spleen |
Periphery lymphoid organs
- Filtering station for blood
- Cells pass through and encounter antigens concentrated by systemic infections
- Immune response to pathogens originate here |
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Lymph Nodes |
Perpheral lymphoid organs
- Filtering station for lymph draining from a particular region
- Immune system cells pass through lymph nodes encounter antigens downstream
- Immune response to localized infections originate here. |
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Macrophage |
- "Commandos" Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) of the immune system
- Phagocytose and destroy antigens or - Phagocytose, Process and return to base to present antigens to CD4+ T-cells
Typically initiate immune response by presenting antigens to lymphocytes, also eliminate antigens. Monocytes are the circulating precursors to macrophage. |
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Inflammatory cells/granulocytes |
Neutrohpils Basophils Mast cells Eosinophils |
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Neutrophils |
- Infantry - Most numerous inflammatory cells - Phagocytose and destroy antigens - Pus is the discharge with dead neutrophiles and microbes, green color due to neutrophile enzyme. (myeloperoxidase) |
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Mast Cells |
- Sentries - Alert immune system to presence of antigens - release chemoattractants and and vasoactive chemicals when antigen encountered, known as degranulation |
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Eosinophils |
- Anti parasitic
- Important for defense against eukaryotic parasites like worms, cause allergies like hay fever and asthma. |
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B Cells
(Mature in Bone marrow) |
- Lymphocyte
- Make anti-bodies - Antigen Presenting cells (APC) - Produce anti-bodies (Anti-bodies tag antigens for disposal)
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T Cells
(Mature in Thymus) |
- Lymphocyte
- CD4+ T-cells help activate T and B cells.
2 Subsets of CD4+ cells: Th1 and Th2 |
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TH1 |
- Activate macrophage and inflammatory cells (Eliminate bacteria infected cells and large pathogen) - Activate cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+) (eliminate virus infected cells) |
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TH2 |
Activate b cells, which produce antibodies that tag pathogens for eliminations |
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Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) |
Act like cytotoxic t cells, eliminate virus virus infected cells, but do not need permission from TH1 |
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Read page 8 about cytokines |
y |
