The Human Body In Health And Illness: Ch. 4

Front 1

The series of chemical reactions necessary for the use of the raw material is called ________

Back 1

Metabolism

Front 2

A metabolic reaction that builds larger, more complex substances from simpler substances

Back 2

Anabolism

Front 3

A metabolic reaction that breaks down larger, more complex substances into simpler substances

Back 3

Catabolism

Front 4

Pasta, bread, rice, potatoes, jelly, sugar are all examples of ____________

Back 4

Carbohydrates

Front 5

What three organic compounds make up carbohydrates?

Back 5

Oxygen, Carbon, and Hydrogen

Front 6

Single sugar compounds are called __________

Back 6

Monosaccharides

Front 7

Double sugar compounds are called _________

Back 7

Disaccharides

Front 8

Many sugar compounds are called ________

Back 8

Polysaccharides

Front 9

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Deoxyribose, and Ribose are all _______

Back 9

Monosaccharides

Front 10

Which monosaccharide is the most important energy source for the human body

Back 10

Glucose

Front 11

What are the monosaccharides deoxyribose and ribose used to make?

Back 11

DNA

Front 12

Two monosaccharides linked together form a ________

Back 12

Disaccharide

Front 13

Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are examples of _________

Back 13

Disaccharides

Front 14

Starches, glycogen, and cellulose are examples of _____________

Back 14

Polysaccharides

Front 15

Disaccharides must be broken down into this before they can be absorbed by our bodies

Back 15

Monosaccharides

Front 16

The storage form for glucose in the human body is a polysaccharide called ___________

Back 16

Glycogen

Front 17

Where is glycogen stored in the human body

Back 17

Liver and skeletal muscle

Front 18

Fiber in our diet that helps the GI system to function is made up mostly of the polysaccharide _________

Back 18

Cellulose

Front 19

Name the three ways that the body uses glucose?

Back 19

1. burned as fuel
2. stored as glycogen
3. stored as fat

Front 20

Glucose can be broken down using ______ catabolism or _________ catabolism

Back 20

Aerobic, Anaerobic

Front 21

The breakdown of glucose without oxygen

Back 21

Anaerobic catabolism

Front 22

The breakdown of glucose with oxygen

Back 22

Aerobic catabolism

Front 23

The first step in catabolism of glucose with or without oxygen is the same and yields 2 ATP + pyruvic acid. This is called?

Back 23

Glycolysis

Front 24

In the absence of oxygen, glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid which is then converted to __________.

Back 24

Lactic acid

Front 25

If oxygen is present, then pyruvic acid enters this organ to be metabolized to many ATP + H2O + CO2

Back 25

Mitochondria

Front 26

This is the cycle that glucose undergoes inside the mitochondria.

Back 26

Krebs cycle

Front 27

What two categories of substances can be broken down and used to make glucose besides carbohydrates

Back 27

Proteins and Fats

Front 28

The making of glucose from nonglucose sources

Back 28

Gluconeogenesis

Front 29

The person with diabetes lacks this hormone that helps glucose to enter the cells

Back 29

Insulin

Front 30

Organic compounds commonly called fats or oils

Back 30

Lipids

Front 31

Lipids are made up of these two building blocks

Back 31

Fatty acids and Glycerol

Front 32

The most important steroid in the body

Back 32

Cholesterol

Front 33

The lipid that helps make up the cell membrane

Back 33

Phospholipid

Front 34

Which of the following substances produces the most energy when it undergoes aerobic metabolism

Back 34

Lipids

Front 35

The building blocks of protein

Back 35

Amino acids

Front 36

The number of amino acids available in the body to make proteins

Back 36

20 (Twenty)

Front 37

Amino acids that must be present in our diet because we can not make them

Back 37

Essential Amino Acids

Front 38

Amino acids that our body can make in the liver

Back 38

Nonessential Amino Acids

Front 39

Amino acids are joined together by these bonds to form peptides, polypeptides, and proteins

Back 39

Peptide Bond

Front 40

Several amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

Back 40

Peptide

Front 41

Many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

Back 41

Polypeptide

Front 42

Very large polypeptides often with more than one chain of polypeptides

Back 42

Proteins

Front 43

The combination of a sugar and a protein

Back 43

Glycoprotein

Front 44

The combination of a lipid and a protein

Back 44

Lipoprotein

Front 45

Name the three ways the body uses proteins

Back 45

1. To make hormones, antibodies, muscle, etc.
2. May be broken down and burned to make ATP
3. May be broken down and turned into glucose (gluconeogenesis)

Front 46

What element does protein contain that lipids and carbohydrates do not

Back 46

Nitrogen

Front 47

The nitrogen in protein that is not recycled is converted to ______ and excreted in the urine

Back 47

Urea

Front 48

What substance can build up in the blood and cause confusion, coma if the liver is unable to handle nitrogen from protein?

Back 48

Ammonia (NH3)

Front 49

The directions that show the pattern of amino acid assembly to create proteins is stored in this structure

Back 49

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Front 50

DNA is stored in this cellular structure

Back 50

Nucleus

Front 51

Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine only pairs with guanine. This is called _______.

Back 51

Base-pairing

Front 52

Name the four bases found in DNA

Back 52

Adenine(A), Cytosine(C), Guanine(G), and Thymine(T)

Front 53

Each three bases in DNA when read vertically codes for a particular amino acid. This is called __________

Back 53

Base-sequencing

Front 54

The copying and delivery of the code for protein synthesis is done by this nucleic acid

Back 54

mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid)

Front 55

Name the three ways in which RNA is different from DNA

Back 55

1. sugars are different (ribose in RNA vs deoxyribose in DNA)
2. DNA=2 strands, RNA=1 strand
3. RNA has uracil instead of thymine

Front 56

mRNA goes to this structure outside the nucleus where proteins are made

Back 56

Ribosome

Front 57

This RNA is found attached to individual amino acids within the cytoplasm and delivers the amino acid to the proper site for protein synthesis

Back 57

tRNA (transfer ribonucleic acid)

Front 58

The copying of the code by mRNA

Back 58

Transcription

Front 59

Adenine and guanine are classified as which of the following: purines or pyrimidines?

Back 59

Purines

Front 60

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are classified as which of the following: purines or pyrimidines

Back 60

Pyrimidines

Front 61

The reading of the mRNA code by tRNA is called this

Back 61

Translation

Front 62

This type of poisoning inactivates some enzymes in mitochondria so O2 can not be used to make ATP causing death

Back 62

Cyanide poisoning

Front 63

Phenylketonuria, cystic fibrosis, and glycogen storage disease are examples of this category of diseases

Back 63

Enzyme deficiency diseases

Front 64

The lack of O2 causes anaerobic metabolism with a decrease in blood pH. This is called _________

Back 64

Lactic acidosis