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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what type of blood do vains carry in the pulmonary circuit? |
carry oxygenated blood |
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what type of blood do Arteries carry in pulmonary cuicuit? |
carry deoxygenated blood |
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what type of blood do vains carry in systemic circuit? |
carry deoxygenated blood |
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what type of blood do Arteries carry in systemic circuit? |
carry oxygenated blood |
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pulmonary means? |
lungs |
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what do valves help do? |
keep blood from going backwards |
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what is the function of pulmonary circuit? |
transports blood to and from only lungs; where it picks up O2 & delivers CO2 for exhalation |
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what is the main function of Systemic circuit? |
Transports Oxygenated blood to virtually all of tissues of body except lungs, & returns relativelly deoxygenated blood & CO2 to heart to be sent back to pulmonary circuit |
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what do veins do? |
take blood to heart |
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what do arteries do? |
-takes blood away from the heart -found in both systemic and pulmonary circuits |
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the right side of the heart has what type of blood? |
deoxygenated |
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the left side of the heart has what type of blood? |
oxygenated |
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what is the largest artery in the body? |
Aorta |
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what are the 2 veins that bring blood back to Right atrium? |
1. superior vena cava 2. inferior vena cava |
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Describe superior vena cava? |
brings blood back that comes from head and arms |
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Describe Inferior vena cava? |
brings blood back from legs and lower torso |
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what do left and right atrium chambers do? |
-upper chambers that act as receiving chambers & contract to push blood into lower chamber |
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What do left and right ventricle chambers do? |
lower chambers, serve as primary pumping chambers of the heart, propelling blood to lungs or rest of body |
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what are the 2 great veins? |
1. superior vena cava 2. Inferior vena cava |
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what are the 2 great arteries? |
1. aorta 2. Pulmonary trunk |
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Describe the size of the heart? |
-size of a fist -well trained athlete (especially aerobic) can be considerably larger weight |
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In healhy individuals blank cells located in the blank set the pace of the heart? |
1. Autorhythmic 2. sinoatrial node |
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what type of condition is this, "blochage in a coronary artery that causes death of heart cells"? |
Myocardial infarction |
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what type of condition is this, "hardening of arteries" ? |
Atherosclerosis |
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what type of condition is this, "High blood pressure"? |
Hypertension |
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what type of condition is this "chronic condition where the heart is unable to meet the bodys oxygen needs"? |
congestive heart failure |
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Alana's heart rate is currently 60 beats per minute. Her heart's preload is 180ml and the afterload is 80ml. what is Alana's cardiac output in ml per minute? |
180-80=100 60x100=6,000 CO=6,000 |
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Describe Cardiac muscle tissue? |
-has a longer refractory period than skeletal muscle -has myofibrils that includs actin and myosin -has gap junctions between cells |
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In healthy individuals blank cells locted in the blank set the pace of the heart? |
1. Autorhythmic 2. Sinoatrial node |
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During the plateau phase of cardiomyocyte action potential? |
-Ca2+ enters the cells -K+ leaves the cells |
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During dehydration a persons stroke volume would blank, their heart rate would blank, and their Cardiac output would blank? |
1. decrease 2. increase 3. stay the same |
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After a drop of blood goes through the bicuspid valve, it will be in the? |
Left ventricle |
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what is one of the most important functions of the heart? |
Generating blood pressure |
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what does generating blood pressure do? |
-required to force blood through vessels -BP has to be kept at homeostasis |
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Common symptoms of CHF? |
-Fatigue -swelling (edema) -shortness of dreath -respiratroy symptoms |
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How CHF works? |
-starts usually with left ventricle being unable to keep up with demand (pumps less blood) |
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Define Cardiac output (CO)? |
The amount of blood a ventricle can pump each minute |
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what is the formula for CO? |
CO=HRxSV |
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Define Heart rate (HR) and Stroke volume (SV)? |
HR=number of beats per min SV=amount of blood in ml that ventricle ejects each time it contracts |
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Formula for SV? |
SV=preload-afterload |
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Define preload and afterload? |
Preload= amount of blood in ventricle before it contracts afterload= amount of blood remaining in ventricle after it contracts |
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what happens if SV goes down? |
heart will beat faster to compensate so CO stays same and body can pump the same amount of blood per minute |
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what happens if HR is slow? |
theres more time for the ventricle to fill up with blood, so SV will usually be higher |
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Define Cardiac cycle |
period of time that begins with contraction of atria and ends with ventricular relaxation - events that repeat in heart -blood flows from higher pressure to lower |
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what is "period of contraction that heart undergoes while it pumps blood into circulation"? |
systole |
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what is "period of relaxation that occurs as chambers fill with blood"? |
Diastole |
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what are the steps of cardiac cycle |
1. passive filling 2. Atrial systole 3. Isovolumetric contraction 4. Ventricualr ejection 5. Isovolumetric relaxation 6. ventricles continue to relax |
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what happens during passive filling? |
-atria & ventricles both are relaxed -blood flows passively from atrium into ventricle |
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During Atrial systole, atria contract and? |
increases their pressure & pushes mrore blood into ventricles |
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what is happening during Isovolumetric contraction? |
Iso=same volumetric=volume -ventricles begin to contract but no blood leaves yet -first heart sound happens "lub" when ventricles start to contract & blood tries to go back into atria but hits AV valves |
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what happens during Ventricular ejection? |
ventricles continue to contract, once pressure exceeds teh pressure in aorta & pulmonary trunk, blood is ejected into these arteries (little blod is always left in ventricles they cant eject all) |
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What happens during Isovolumetric relaxation? |
ventricles begin to relax, their pressure is now lower than arteries(no blood goes out), but higher than atria(no blood goes in) blood volume inside stays same |
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when does the second sound "Dub" happen? |
In Isovolumetric relaxation step - happens when ventricles start to relax and blood from arteries(aorta and pulmonary trunk) tries to go back to ventricles but hit semilunar valves |
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what happens in the last step of cardiac cycle? |
ventricles continue to relax & their pressure goes lower than the atria -passive filling starts all over again |
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Measurement of electrical activity that can be detected on skin, not a single action potentil its aveeraging out electrical activity detected from the whole heart: is what? |
ECG or EKG also known as Electrocardiogram |
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what are the parts of the ECG/EKG? |
-P wave -QRS complex -T wave |
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Describe the P wave on ECG? |
small bump, shows atrial depolarization |
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Describe QRS complex on ECG? |
high spike, shows ventricular depolarization; which requires much stronger electrical signal b.c, of the large size of the ventricular cardiac muscle - ventricle contract as QRS reaches the peak of R wave *at the same time atrial repolarization occures but b.c ventricles have more cells their electrical activity "covers up" whats happenign in atria* |
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Describe T wave? |
medium bump, shows ventricular replarization |
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Refers to an interruption in normal conduction pathway is what? |
Heart block |
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what is the 1st degree of AV block? |
indicates a delay in conduction between SA and AV nodes -can be seen on ECG as abnormally long PR interval |
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what is the 2nd degree of AV block? |
occurs when some impulses from SA node reach AV node & continue while others dont -ECG will reveal some P waves not followed by QRS while others appears normal |
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what is the 3rd degree of AV block? |
no correlation between atrial activity (p wave) & ventricular activity (QRS) |
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Describe the hearts function "routing blood"? |
-when heart separates the pulmonary & systemic circulats= which ensures the flow of oxyen-rich blood to tissue |
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Another function of the heart is "ensuring one-way blood flow" how does this work? |
valves make sure blood doesnt flow bakcwards |
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How does the function "regulating blood supply" in the heart work? |
-changes in the rate and force of heart contraction match blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of tissues during rest, exercise & change in body position (heart talks to CNS and endocrine) |
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what "surrounds the heart & defines pericardial cavity"? |
Pericardium (paricardial sac) |
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The Paricardium has 2 sublayers what are they and Describe them? |
1. Outer fibrous pericardium -made of tough, dense connective tissue that protects the heart & maintains its position in thorax 2. Inner serous pericardium -more delicae -consists of 2 layers (parietal pericardium and Inner visceral pericardium) |
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Describe Parietal pericardium? |
-fused to the fibrous pericardium -sac that doesnt actually touch the heart -filled with fluid that prevents friction |
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Describe Inner visceral pericardium? |
-also called epicardium -fused to the heart & part of the heart wall -thin outer epithelial layer of heart |
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what are the layers of the heart? |
1. Epicardium (outermost layer) 2. Myocardium (middle layer) 3Endocardium (Innermost layer) |
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Describe Myocardium? |
-thick muscle layer -made largely of cardiac muscle cells -built upon a frame work of collagenous fibers + blood vessels taht supply myocardium & nerve fibers that help regulate heart -its contraction is what pumps blood through hear and into major arteries |
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Describe Endocardium? |
-thin epithelial layer of heart -also known as= Endothelium - which is simple squamous epithelium that lines that heart & blood vessels -can release chemicals that constrict or dilate nearby blood vessels |
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Describe Tricuspid and Bicuspid valve? |
-also know as Atrioventricular (AV) valve -conncected by chordae tendineae which attaches to papillary muscle in ventricles Tricuspid=has 3 flasp or cusps (on the right side) Bicuspid= has 2 flasps and also knows as mitral (on the left side of the heart) |
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Do atria or ventricles pump with more force? |
Ventricles pump blood with greater force= walls are lined with spongy tissue called (trabeculae carneae) and ventricles are larger |
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What are Atria covered by? |
Auricles on the outside of the heart |
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Define Gap Junctions |
allows positive ions to go fro one cell into the next = so if one cell gets depolarized then the other can also get depolarized |
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In prepotential phase: Na+ channels open automatically what happens next? |
Na+ enters & the cells slowly depolarizes gets to a threshold |
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In depolarization phase at threshold Ca2+ channels open what happens next? |
Ca2+ enters quicky & action potential gets to a peak |
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In repolarization phase threshold also causes K+ channels to open but open slower the Calcium channels what happens next? |
K+ exits & membrane potential goes back down |
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In contractile cells during rapid depolarization phase at threshold fast Na+ channels open what happens next? |
Na+ enters & cell quicly depolarizes to a peak |
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which phase in contractile cells last the longest? |
Plateau phase= refractory period is longer then skeletal and leaves more time for heart to refill with blood before another contraction |
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In contractile cell during Repolarization phase; the K+ channels stay open but calcium closes, what happens next? |
K+ continues to leave the cell and the membrane potential goes back down |
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At the point marked "C" the pressure in left ventricle is blank than the atrium lower aorta. This happens during blank |
-higher -isovolumetric contraction |
