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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lincoln’s 10% Plan
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Lincoln announces in 1863 for reconstruction (Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction but usually called the Ten-Percent Plan, which offered full pardon and full restoration of all rights to white southerners who pledged future loyalty to the Union and accepted the abolition of slavery. Excluded from the pardon and restoration were high ranking Confederate political and military leaders. When loyal southerners in any rebel state equaled at least 10 percent of the number of voters in the 1860 elections, this group could convene and establish a new state government to supersede the old. The new state constitution adopted must accept emancipation, but it could also temporarily allow laws for the freed slaves “consistent…with their present condition as a laboring, landless, and homeless class.” The state governments that met these conditions would be entitled to admission to the Union and to representation in Congress.
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Johnson’s Moderate Plan—Restoration (Part One)
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announced Reconstruction plan in two proclamations issued on May 29, 1865. The first offered pardon and amnesty to participants in the rebellion who pledged loyalty to the Union and support for the end of slavery. All who took would have returned to them all property confiscated by the Union government during the war, except for slaves. Exempted from this blanket pardoning process were fourteen classes of southerners who were required to apply individually for pardons from the president. These included most high Confederate officials and owners of taxable property worth more than $20,000. This last proviso reflected Johnson’s southern yeoman prejudice against the old planter class as the source of disunion and secession.
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Johnson’s Moderate Plan—Restoration (Part 2)
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The second proclamation designated William Holder as provision governor of North Carolina and directed him to call a convention to amend the state’s existing constitution so as to create a “republican form of government.” Voters would restrict to those who had taken the oath of allegiance: they would not include ex-slaves or any blacks. Johnson soon extended the same process to six other southern states while also recognizing the new governments of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee, three states Lincoln had already accepted back into the Union. Johnson made it clear that he expected the conventions to accept the abolition of slavery and pledge not to repay any public debts incurred in the Confederate cause. he also asked them to consider giving voting rights to a few educated and property holding blacks in order to “disarm” those clamoring for full civil rights for ex=slaves. Otherwise they could decide for themselves what sort of government and laws they would adopt.
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Congressional Reconstruction
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to assure adoption of the new constitutional 14th amendment, Congress made its passage by the southern state ligatures a condition of readmission to the Union. It was not until well into 1867 did the amendment receive the necessary approval by three fourths of the states.
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Radical Republicans
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never very large, was highly influential especially in the “upper North.” successors to the hard liners who had pushed Lincoln to pursue the war more vigorously and attack slavery more forcefully, they believed the defeated South must be made to recognize its errors, and forced to acknowledge that now it could no longer decide its own fate. Many former slaves, Radicals felt, had worked and fought for the Union, and the nation must now help them through the difficult transition to full freedom.
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Andrew Johnson
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Lincoln’s successor, he was ambitious, self made man from southern yeoman stock. Not a republican and had been put on the Union party national ticket in 1864 to attract War Democrats. He did not share the nationalist principles of the Republicans. He was a defender of local power, even states’ rights. He did not share the antislavery views of many, and he despised his states’ privileged planter class and considered secession a plot to perpetuate the elite’s power.
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Reconstruction Acts of 1867
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The second session of the Thirty Ninth Congress, its Republican leaders, encouraged by the 1866 election mandate, passed the First Reconstruction Act (also called the reconstruction Act of 1867). The Act swept aside the existing Johnson state regimes in the former Confederacy and divided the South into five military districts, each under a general who was empowered to use troops if necessary to protect life and property. The military commander would supervise the choice of delegates to state conventions that would write new constitutions regardless of race, except those excluded for participating in the rebellion. The new constitutions had to prove for a similar broad electorate for legislature, governor, and other public officials, and required that their work be accepted by a majority of the same, color blind, pool of voters. When the new constitutions had been so ratified, when Congress had approved them, and when the sate legislatures had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, the states would then be admitted to the Union and their delegations to Congress seated.
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Charles Sumner
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Freedman’s Bureau
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Established in March 1865, just before the war ended, the bureau aided war refugees, both white and black, found employment for freedmen, and supplied transportation home for those displace by the war. It had established hospitals and schools and drew up guidelines for bringing ex slaves into the free labor market. Trumbell of Illinois introduced a bill to extend the life of the Bureau and broaden its authority during Johnson’s presidency. The bill gave Congress the additional power to protect freedmen against discrimination, including the right to punish state officials denying blacks their civil rights, and authorized it to build and run school for the ex slaves.
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Civil Rights Act of 1865
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was far reaching in scope. It declared all persons born in the US, including blacks (but not Indians), citizens, and specified their rights regardless of race. These included the right to make contracts, bring lawsuits, and enjoy the “full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property.” To ensure that no state denied citizens these rights, it authorized federal district attorneys and marshals, as well as the Freedmen’s Bureau, to sue violators in the federal courts. Johnson refused to sign, but Congress managed to override the veto with the required two thirds needed.
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Tenure of Office Act
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One of a series of measures passed by Congress in 1867, to prevent Johnson from again taking advantage of an interval b/w congressional sessions, in January it approved. In March it was passed, over Johnson’s veto, this Act requiring Senate consent for the dismissal of all federal office holders appointed with Senate approval.
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1868 Presidential Election
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Dem. Seymour nominated, and Rep. Grant nominated, the election was very close, but with 53 percent of the popular vote, Grant won. He is inaugurated in March 1869.
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Hiram Revels
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Joseph Rainey
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Blanch Bruce
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Carpetbaggers
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Northern whites who participated in the southern Republican state governments the “itinerant adventurers” and “vagrant interlopers” that southern conservatives charge. Called “carpetbaggers,” after the cheap carpet cloth suitcases carried in those years by travelers, were former Union soldiers who had served in Dixie during the war and came to like it as a place to live.
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Scalawags
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Native born white Republican leaders in the South unduly disparaged “scalawags” were denounced by their opponents as “the vilest renegades of the South,” as men “who have dishonored the dignity of white blood, and are traitors alike to principle and race.” Many were former Unionists and members of the South’s prewar Whig business class who were attracted to the Republican Party because of its pro business, pro growth policies.
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Jim Crow Laws
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a form of discrimination that was allowed d by judicial decision upholding this law, which required segregation in public schools and facilities, including railroads, restaurants, and theaters.
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Black Codes
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since none of Johnson governments allowed even a handful of black to vote, each of them enacted a set of laws to govern race relations (the Black Codes) that jarred Union sensibilities. These codes did extend to the freedmen several rights of normal citizens. They legalized marriages b/w blacks, including earlier slave era relationship, permitted ex slaves to buy, own, sell, and otherwise transfer property, and gave the freedmen the right to appear, plead, and testify in court in cases involving fellow blacks. The codes sought to relegate the ex slaves permanently to second class legal, economic, and political status. Under the Codes, black southerners could not offer their labor freely on the market.
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Black Codes (examples)
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Mississippi required black workers to produce each January a written document showing they had a contract to work for the coming year. Laborers who left their jobs before a contract expired forfeited any wages already earned and could be arrested. South Carolina code demanded a stiff annual tax for blacks working as anything other than farmers or servants. In Florida, blacks who broke labor contracts cold be whipped, sold into indenture for up one year, or placed in the pillory. In several states blacks were forbidden to bear arms, were subject to more sever punishment for given offenses than whites, and could not live or buy property in specified locations. Most states prohibited interracial marriage. Most rankling of all were apprenticeship laws, which allowed the courts to “bind out” black minors to employers for a period of time without their won consent or that of their parents.
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Vagrants
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defined as the idle, disorderly, and those who “misspend what they earn” could face fines or forced plantation labor.
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Ku Klux Klan
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Major weapon of the “redeemers,” it was formed in 1866 in Tennessee by voting Confederate veterans primarily as a social club, the Klan quickly evolved into an anti-black, anti-racial organization. Intimidated black voters, hooded, mounted Klansmen swooped down at night on isolated black occupied cabins, making fearsome noises and firing guns. They torched black homes, attacked and beat black militiamen, ambushed both white and black radical leaders, and lynched blacks accused of crimes. During the 1868 presidential campaign they assassinated an Arkansas congressman, three members of the South Caroline legislature, and several Republican members of state constitutional conventions.
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Tenantry
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Included whites as well as blacks, took several forms. Tenants might pay rent either tin cash or in part of the crop. Though not as desirable as ownership, a cash tenant was at least free from constant supervision and sometimes could save enough to buy land for himself. Basically contributed only their labor, and in return for use of the land and a house, usually divided the crop equally with the landlord.
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Sharecropping
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Linked to tenantry and making it worse, was the crop lien system, a credit arrangement by which a store keeper (who sometimes was the landlord as well) would extend credit to the tenant for supplies during the crop growing season. When the harvest came in and the cotton was sold, the tenant would the repay the debt. Credit was expensive, included interest charge, dishonest store keepers could cheat, and those who could not meet their debts could not change the merchant, they became virtual “debt peons,” tied to them like serfs. Sharecrop-crop-lien system proved to be an economic trap for the entire lower South. They did not own the land, they had no incentive to improve it. Landlords too, had little incentive for they could only hope to recover limited portion of the great output that might come from additional capital investment
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13th Amendment
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the first of three Civil War Amendments. It banned all forms of “slavery and involuntary servitude.” Although southern states were required to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment as a conditional of their readmission to the Union after the war, most of the former Confederate states quickly passed laws that were designed to restrict opportunities for newly freed slaves.
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14th Amendment
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proposed simultaneously with the Civil Rights Act to guarantee, among other things, citizenship to all freed slaves. Other key provisions barred states from abridging “the privileges or immunities of citizenship” or depriving “any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law,” or denying “any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” Opposed by many women because it failed to guarantee suffrage for women.
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15th Amendment
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passed by Congress in the aftermath of the Civil War. It guaranteed the “right of citizens” to vote regardless of their “race, color or previous condition of servitude.” Sex was not mentioned.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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the court’s darkest hour, the Court upheald the constitutinoality of a Louisiana law mandating racial segregation on all public trains, the justics reasoned, that African American were no prevented from riding the trains, the statue required only that the race traveled separated.
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1876 Presidential Election
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Presidential election between Rugherfor Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden.
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Rutherford B. Hayes
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Republican candidate, governor of Ohio and declared that ehy would never abandon the black man and would continue to support postivie government, a protective tariff, and “sound money.”
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Compromise of 1877
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Dem. Tilden of NY, against Rep. Hays the governer of Ohio in an election that was so close that the results were challenged – it was thrown into the Houst of Representatives. Secret dealings b/w those in the House, Southerners traded electoral votes for removing federal troops from the South, or there may have been a hidden issue concerning railroads. Southerners, they say believed that only the Republicans would approve a land grat to the Texas and Pacific Railroad designed to connect New Orleans and other important southern cities with the Pacific Coast.
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