The Digestive System And Animal Nutrition

Front 1

Heterotroph

Back 1

An organism that consumes other organisms for energy

Front 2

Bioenergetics

Back 2

The flow of energy through an organism

Front 3

Energy is lost as heat in which processes of animal bioenergetics?

Back 3

Digestion and Absorption
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Work
Biosynthesis: Growth, Storage, Reproduction

Front 4

Energy is also lost in which other two processes?

Back 4

Egestion (in feces) and Excretion (in urine)

Front 5

Metabolic Rate

Back 5

The amount of energy an organism uses in a unit of time

Front 6

calorie

Back 6

a measurement of energy; equivalent to 4.184 joules

Front 7

kilocalorie

Back 7

1000 calories; the equivalent of the nutritonal Calorie

Front 8

Endotherm

Back 8

An organism that generates most of its heat via metabolism

Front 9

Ectotherm

Back 9

An organism that absorbs ambient heat as its primary source

Front 10

Which has a higher metabolic rate: Endotherm or ectotherm?

Back 10

Endotherm

Front 11

True or False: Larger animals tend to require more calories per gram of body weight than smaller animals

Back 11

False: Smaller animals tend to require more calories per gram of body weight than larger animals.

Front 12

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Back 12

The metabolic rate of a nonstresed, nongrowing, fasting endotherm

Front 13

Standard Metabolic Rate

Back 13

The metabolic rate of a nonstressed, nongrowing, fasting ectotherm at a particular temperature

Front 14

Carnivore

Back 14

An animal that consumes other animals

Front 15

Herbivore

Back 15

An animal that consumes plants

Front 16

Omnivore

Back 16

An animal that consumes both plants and other animals

Front 17

True or False: Carnivores and Herbivores ONLY eat animals/plants respectively.

Back 17

False: Carnivores and Herbivores PRIMARILY feed on animals/plants respectively, but are known to ingest other sources on occasion.

Front 18

Substrate Feeder

Back 18

An animal that lives on or in the organism it eats

Front 19

Suspension Feeder

Back 19

Animals that sift small food particles from the water

Front 20

Fluid Feeder

Back 20

An animal that feeds on nutrient rich fluids from a host

Front 21

"Medium-Chunkivore"

Back 21

An animal that eats in medium sized pieces

Front 22

Bulk Feeder

Back 22

An animal that eats in large chunks, sometimes swallowing desired food whole

Front 23

Feeding Efficiency

Back 23

The percent of ingested material that is converted to useable biomass

Front 24

Which has a higher feeding efficiency: Herbivores or Carnivores?

Back 24

Carnivores

Front 25

Undernourishment

Back 25

A deficiency in caloric intake of an animal's diet

Front 26

Overnourishment

Back 26

An overabundance in caloric intake of an animal's diet

Front 27

Leptin

Back 27

An appetite-regulating hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells; suppresses appetite as its levels increase

Front 28

PYY

Back 28

An appetite-regulating hormone secreted by small intestine after meals; supresses appetite and counters effects of Ghrelin

Front 29

Ghrelin

Back 29

An appetite-regulating hormone secreted by the stomach; triggers feelings of hunger

Front 30

Insulin

Back 30

An appetite regulating hormone that suppresses appetite; secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels

Front 31

Essential Nutrient

Back 31

A material that must be obtained preassembled in a diet due to an animal's inability to produce from raw material

Front 32

Malnourishment

Back 32

The lack of one or more essential nutrients in an animal's diet

Front 33

Essential Amino Acid

Back 33

Amino acids that cannot be produced by an animal

Front 34

What are the nine essential amino acids in humans?

Back 34

Methionine
Valine
Threonine
Phenylalanine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Tryptophan
Lysine
Histidine (in infants)

Front 35

Protein Deficiency

Back 35

A form of malnourishment in which one or more essential amino acids are lacking in an animal's diet.

Front 36

Essential Fatty Acids

Back 36

Fatty Acids that cannot be produced by an animal

Front 37

Vitamins

Back 37

Essential organic molecules required in an animal's diet

Front 38

Minerals

Back 38

Essential inorganic molecules required in an animal's diet

Front 39

Ingestion

Back 39

The act of eating

Front 40

Digestion

Back 40

The process of breaking food into molecules small enough to absorb

Front 41

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Back 41

The process of breaking macromolecules into monomers by adding water to break bonds

Front 42

Absorption

Back 42

The uptake of small molecules from the digestive system into the circulatory system

Front 43

Egestion

Back 43

The elimination of undigested material

Front 44

Intracellular Digestion

Back 44

Digestion that occurs within cells belonging to certain animals

Front 45

How does intracellular digestion work?

Back 45

A cell engulfs food, either by phagocyosis or pinocytosis, then forms a food vacuole. The vacuole fuses with a lysosome and use hydrolytic enzymes to break down food.

Front 46

Extracellular Digestion

Back 46

The breakdown of food on the outside of cells; occurs in compartments continuous with the outside of the animal's body

Front 47

Gastrovascular Cavity

Back 47

A pouch with one opening that performs both digestion and distribution of nutrients through the body

Front 48

Alimentary Canal

Back 48

The complete digestive tract; a digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus, extending from one end of the body to the other

Front 49

Peristalsis

Back 49

Rhythmic waves of contractions by smooth muscles in the wall of the canal that pushes food along a tract

Front 50

Sphincter

Back 50

A ringlike valve that controls the opening and closing of tubes; seen in both the digestive system and the circulatory system

Front 51

Oral Cavity

Back 51

The place where food enters and first experiences physical and chemical digestion

Front 52

Mastication

Back 52

The process of chewing food; increases the surface area to volume ratio of food

Front 53

Salivary Gland

Back 53

A gland located near the oral cavity that aids in initial digestion

Front 54

Types of Salivary Glands (3)

Back 54

Parotid Gland
Sublingual Gland
Submandibular Gland

Front 55

Salivary Amylase

Back 55

An enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen to produce smaller polysaccharides and disaccharide maltose

Front 56

Bolus

Back 56

A lump of fully masticated food that travels from the mouth to the stomach

Front 57

Pharynx

Back 57

The throat, a junction that opens to both the esophagus and trachea

Front 58

Epiglottis

Back 58

A cartilaginous flap that moves down to block off the trachea when food is swallowed

Front 59

Esophagus

Back 59

The tube that conduts food from the pharynx into the stomach via peristalsis

Front 60

Stomach

Back 60

The organ that stores food and performes preliminary steps in digestion

Front 61

Gastric Juice

Back 61

The digestive juice secreted by the epithelium of the stomach wall; has a pH of 2, which kills most bacteria and dissrupts extracellular matrices binding cells

Front 62

Pepsin

Back 62

An enzyme that begins protein hydrolysis; secreted by gastric gland into gastric juice

Front 63

Gastric Gland

Back 63

A gland within the stomach wall that makes up the epithelium; holds mucus cells, chief cells, and parietal cells

Front 64

Mucus Cells

Back 64

Cells in the gastric gland that secrete mucus for lubrication and protection of stomach lining

Front 65

Chief cells

Back 65

Cells in the gastric gland that secrete pepsinogen

Front 66

Pepsinogen

Back 66

An inactive form of pepsin; activated by hydrochloric acid and other active pepsin molecules

Front 67

Parietal Cells

Back 67

Cells in the gastric gland that secrete hydrochloric acid

Front 68

Why must pepsin molecules be inactive prior to entering the stomach cavity?

Back 68

If activated in the gastric gland, pepsin will digest the proteins in stomach cells

Front 69

True or False: Pepsin secretion and activation is an example of positive feedback; the more pepsin is present, the more the body produces

Back 69

True

Front 70

Acid Chyme

Back 70

A nutrient rich broth formed from smooth muscle churning of stomach and gastric juice/pepsin digestion

Front 71

Pyloric Sphincter

Back 71

The sphincter that controls the opening from the stomach to the small intestine

Front 72

Small Intestine

Back 72

The longest section of the alimentary canal resonsible for most chemical digestion, enzymatic hydrolysis, and nutrient absorption

Front 73

Duodenum

Back 73

The section of the small intestine proceeding the stomach; the area where acid chyme mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and gland cells

Front 74

Bile

Back 74

A digestive juice secreted from the liver containing salts that act as emuslifiers aiding in digestion and absorption of fat

Front 75

Gallbladder

Back 75

An organ that stores excess bile

Front 76

Ileum/Jejunum

Back 76

Reigions of the small intestine whose main function is absorption

Front 77

Villus

Back 77

A fold in the lining of the small intestine; increases surface area to volume ratio

Front 78

Microvillus

Back 78

A microcsopci extension off a villus; increases surface area to volume ratio

Front 79

What is inside each villus?

Back 79

Blood capillaries, Epithelial cells, Lacteal

Front 80

Lacteal

Back 80

A vessel of the lymphatic system that delivers lymph

Front 81

How many layers of epithelial cells separate the capilaries from the lumen of the intestines?

Back 81

Two

Front 82

True or False: Fructose is pumped across epithelial cells against its concentration gradient while glucose, vitamins, minerals, and sugars diffuse

Back 82

False (Vice Versa)

Front 83

Chlyomicrons

Back 83

Globules of fat mixed with choloesterol and protiens combine in epithelial cells

Front 84

Hepaitic Portal Vein

Back 84

A blood vessel that leads to the liver; ensures that the liver has first access to absorbed sugars and amino acids

Front 85

Average Blood Glucose Concentration

Back 85

90 mg Glucose / 100 mL Blood

Front 86

Colon

Back 86

The large intsetine; connected to the small intestine at a sphincter and a t-shaped junction; mainly reabsorbs water from the ailementary canal into the body

Front 87

Cecum

Back 87

A branch off of the large intestine that (in some animals) stores symbiotic bacteria that can hydrolyze cellulose

Front 88

Appendix

Back 88

An extension of the human cecum; a vestigial organ

Front 89

Feces

Back 89

Wastes of the digestive tract; egested material

Front 90

Rectum

Back 90

The terminal portion of the colon; where feces are stored until egestion