Test #4

Front 1

Soil Creep

Back 1

Consists of a very gradual downhill movement of soil & regolith. Can only be recognized by indirect evidence. Super slow.

Front 2

Solifluction

Back 2

Form of creep that is largely restricted to high latitude and high elevation ("soil flowage")

Front 3

What is a good facilitator of mass wasting?

Back 3

Clay

Front 4

Why is clay a good facilitator of mass wasting?

Back 4

Clay absorbs water and becomes a very slippery and mobile substance. Can be set in motion by rainfall or earthquake shock.

Front 5

Denudation

Back 5

Disintegration wearing away and removal of rock material. Implies a lowering of continental surfaces.

Weathering occurs first.

Front 6

Which mass wasting movement does not associate itself with gravity?

Back 6

Hydrolysis

Front 7

What is the best climate for mass wasting/movement to occur?

Back 7

Heavy rain

Front 8

Describe Bedrock

Back 8

Bedrock - solid rock underlying loose deposits such as soil or alluvium.

*Important effect of mechanical weathering is to expose bedrock to the forces of chemical weathering, & shows how effective chemical weathering is.

Front 9

Chemical Weathering relies most on what substance?

Back 9

Water/Moisture

Front 10

Exfoliation

Back 10

Curved layers peeling off bedrock

Front 11

Talus Slopes

Back 11

Debris is added to the slope, the slope adjusts to reestablish the angle.

Front 12

Talus Cone

Back 12

Debris collected on the bottom from falling off the slope

Front 13

What happens to water when it freezes that makes it a major agent of mechanical weathering?

Back 13

Water seeps into the rocks and as it freezes, it breaks the rock into smaller pieces.

Expands by Volume

Front 14

Perennial Stream

Back 14

Humid Regions -> Permanent

Front 15

Intermittent Stream

Back 15

More Arid -> Seasonal Streams that flow for only part of the year

Front 16

Ephemeral Stream

Back 16

Only carry water during or immediately after a rain

Front 17

Exotic Stream

Back 17

Flows into a dry region, bringing the water from somewhere else

Front 18

Oxbow Lakes

Back 18

Formed when a stream channel shifts through lateral erosion and cuts a new channel across it's neck, & the old loop gets cut off.

Front 19

Alluvium

Back 19

Any stream-deposited sedimentary material

Front 20

Largest With a Delta

Back 20

Pakistan

Front 21

Largest without a Delta

Back 21

Amazon

Front 22

First Order Stream

Back 22

Stream without tributaries

Most numerous

Front 23

Second Order Stream

Back 23

2 first order streams unite

Front 24

Third Order Stream

Back 24

Joining of 2 second order streams

Front 25

Saltation

Back 25

Smaller particles are moved along with the general stream flow in a series of jumps/bounces

Front 26

Traction

Back 26

Coarser pieces roll or slide along the streambed

Front 27

Stream Discharge

Back 27

Volume of flow of a stream

Front 28

Affect erosive effectiveness of a stream

Back 28

Flow Speed -> governed by gradient (slope angle) Steeper = Faster

Shape of the channel -> Narrower = Faster

Volume of the flow -> More Water = Faster

Front 29

Natural Levees

Back 29

Slightly higher ground fringing a stream channel in a flood plain; formed by deposition during flood time

Front 30

Yazoo Stream

Back 30

A tributary unable to enter the main stream because of natural levees along the main stream.

Flows parallel to a large/main stream

Front 31

Splash Erosion

Back 31

Impact of a raindrop causes material to be loosened

Front 32

Sheet Erosion

Back 32

Water flows across it as a thin sheet, transporting materials already loosened by splash erosion

Front 33

Terminal Moraine

Back 33

Ridge of till that marks the outermost limit of glacial advance.

Maximum extent of a glacier

Front 34

Recessional Moraine

Back 34

Glacial deposit of till formed during a pause in the retreat of the ice margin

Front 35

Ground Moraine

Back 35

Formed when large quantities of till are laid down from underneath the glacier rather than from its edge

Front 36

Neve (Firn)

Back 36

Snow granules that have become packed and begin to coalesce due to compression, achieving a density about half as great as that of water

Front 37

Zone of Ablation

Back 37

Lower portion of a glacier where there is a net annual loss of ice due to melting and sublimation

Front 38

Zone of Accumulation

Back 38

Upper portion of a glacier where there is a greater annual accumulation of ice than there is wastage

Front 39

Equilibrium Line

Back 39

A Theoretical line separating the ablation zone and accumulation zone of a glacier along which accumulation exactly balances ablation.

Front 40

Glacial Erratics

Back 40

Outsize boulder included in the glacial till, which may be different from the local bedrock

Front 41

Continental Ice Sheets

Back 41

Smooth & Round (reshape) the terrain

Front 42

Mountain Glaciers

Back 42

Steepen Slopes & increase local relief

Front 43

Earth has been deglaciating for...

Back 43

2 1/2 million years

Front 44

Average speed of movement of glaciers

Back 44

Centimeters per day

Front 45

Roche Moutonnees

Back 45

Glacial landform produced when a bedrock hill or knob is overridden by moving ice

Front 46

Cirques

Back 46

Broad amphitheater hollowed out at the uppermost head of a glacial valley

Front 47

Glacial Abrasion

Back 47

Bedrock is worn down by the rock debris being dragged along in the moving ice

Glacial scouring by bedrock embedded by ice

Front 48

Contemporary Ice Sheets Cover...

Back 48

10% of Earth's land surface

Front 49

What would happen if all the ice in Antarctica were to melt?

Back 49

The sea level would rise significantly.

Front 50

Divergent Plate Boundary

Back 50

Location where 2 lithosphere plates spread apart.

2 plates may diverge from one another

Ex: Great East African Rift Valley

Front 51

Convergent Plate Boundary

Back 51

Location where 2 lithosphere plates collide

Converge toward one another

Ex: Andes range in South America & Cascades in NW North America

Front 52

Transform Plate Boundary

Back 52

2 Plates slipping past one another laterally

Ex: San Andreas Fault in California. Between Pacific and North American Plates

Front 53

Crater Lake, Oregon

Back 53

Walls were weakened & collapsed as enormous volumes of pyroclastic material were ejected from the Volcano

Front 54

Flood Basalt

Back 54

Large-scale outpouring of basaltic lava that may cover an extensive area of Earth's surface

Front 55

Columnar Basalt

Back 55

Lava flow cools uniformly, it contracts & forms a distinctive pattern of vertical joints, leaving hexagonal columns

Front 56

Evidence used to verify seafloor spreading:

Back 56

Paleomagetism - Studying paleomagnetic data from a portion of the midocean ridge system

Ocean Floor Cores - Sea-bottom sediments were analyzed

Front 57

Pacific Ring of Fire

Back 57

Rim of Pacific ocean basin due to widespread volcanic & seismic activity; associated with lithospheric plate boundaries (Transform & Divergent)

Front 58

Continental Drift/Pangea

Back 58

Continents were originally together in a massive super continent, & then broke apart into smaller pieces.

Proposed by Alfred Wegener

Front 59

Mantle Plumes

Back 59

Midplate volcanic activity develops over narrow plumes of heated material rising through the mantle.

Ex: Hawaiian Islands, Yellowstone, Iceland, & Galapagos Islands

Front 60

Earthquakes

Back 60

Produced by shock waves resulting from a sudden displacement along a fault, or from the movement of magma, or sudden ground subsidence

Front 61

Epicenter

Back 61

Location on the surface directly above the center of fault rupture during an Earthquake

Front 62

Why do glaciers carve U-Shaped Valleys?

Back 62

Because they flowed down pre-existing river or V-shaped valley during the last glaciation