Test 3 - Integumentary System - Histology

Front 1

_______ is the skin + its derivatives (hair, glands).

Back 1

Integumentary System

Front 2

__________ = epidermis +dermis

Back 2

skin

Front 3

Where is thick skin found?

Back 3

Palms and soles ( has the most mechanical force - although skin can become this from lots of force)

Front 4

All of the skin except skin found on the palms and sole is _____ skin.

Back 4

thin

Front 5

The hypodermis/subcutaneous tissue/superficial fascia is composed of loose CT and ________ (is/isn't) part of the skin.

Back 5

ISN'T

Front 6

Barrier, homeostasis, sensory, endocrine, exocrine and immune functions, maintain moisture are all _______ of the skin.

Back 6

function

Front 7

Name the functions of the skin.

Back 7

Barrier, homeostasis, sensory, endocrine, exocrine and immune functions, maintain moisture

Front 8

What do endocrine glands of teh skin release?

Back 8

Vitamin D when sunlight stimulates gland to release.

Front 9

What do exocrine glands of the skin release?

Back 9

sweat

Front 10

What are some sensory endings found in the skin?

Back 10

Merkel's, meissner's Pacinican...etc...

Front 11

What immune cells are found in the skin?

Back 11

Langerhan's cells

Front 12

THe _______ is the largest organ in the body.

Back 12

skin

Front 13

T/F the epidermis is avascular.

Back 13

true

Front 14

How does the epidermis obtain nutrients?

Back 14

via diffusion

Front 15

What type of cells are found in the epidermis?

Back 15

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium composed mostly of keratinocytes. (98%)

Front 16

What is the main cell type (be specific) found in the epidermis - 98% are these.

Back 16

keratinocytes

Front 17

What are the 5 layers, from most external to internal of the Epidermis?

Back 17

Stratum Corneum stratum lucidum stratum ganulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Front 18

What is the deepest layer in the epidermis (also known as the stratum germinativum - germ layer)

Back 18

stratum basale

Front 19

Name the layer in the epidermis. Single layer of cells on top of the basal lamina - cuboidal cells.

Back 19

stratum basale

Front 20

Where are stem cells found that produce keratinocytes that age and move toward the surface?

Back 20

stratum basale

Front 21

What layer has small, cuboidal cells with small amount of cytoplasm

Back 21

stratum basale

Front 22

This layer has extensive desmosomes and hemidesmososme.

Back 22

stratum basale

Front 23

What is responsible for 'gluing' cells together in the stratum basale?

Back 23

desmosomes and hemidesmosomes.

Front 24

What glues cell:cell and what glues cell:lamina?

Back 24

desmososmes (cell:cell) - hemidesmosomes (cell:lamina)

Front 25

What does Be Sure Good Luck Comes refer to?

Back 25

Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum.

Front 26

What layer is several cells thick, and is composed of large cuboidal celsl than s.b. with increasing keratin accumulation?

Back 26

spinosum

Front 27

where are prickle cells found?

Back 27

spinosum

Front 28

What cells have numerous cytoplasmic processes or spines: tonofilaments and desmosomes.

Back 28

prickle cells in stratum spinosum

Front 29

What layer is 3-5 cells thick with flatteneed polygonal cells with numerous keratohyalin granules, (darker staining).

Back 29

stratum granulosum

Front 30

WHy do keratohyalin granules stain darker (in stratum granulosum)?

Back 30

because they contain cystine and histidine-rich proteins -> basophilia

Front 31

What layer is the most superficial layer of the nonkeratinized portion of the epidermis?

Back 31

stratum granulosum

Front 32

Where are lamellar graules found?

Back 32

granulosum

Front 33

What granules are seen TEM, and appear as ovoid aggregate of lipid bilayers-> that act as a sealant (fat is spit out by the cells)

Back 33

Lamellar granules in granulosum

Front 34

This layer is only seen well in THICK skins,(But is found in both thick and thin) it appears thin and translucent with flat cells, they are anucleated.

Back 34

stratum lucidum

Front 35

What layer varies the most in thickness depending on the location?

Back 35

stratum corneum

Front 36

What layer has flat anucleate, desiccated cells filled with keratin?

Back 36

corneum

Front 37

Where are horny cell found?

Back 37

corneum

Front 38

Cells at this layer are continuously shed at the surface?

Back 38

corneum

Front 39

What clinical disorder: blistering disorder due to abnormal dermal-epidermal junction, via desmosome, hemidesmosome junction.

Back 39

Bullous pemphigoid

Front 40

The blistering that occurs in Bullous pemphigoid occurs in what area of the skin (separates the cells)?

Back 40

between epidermis and dermis

Front 41

Name the disorder: blistering disorder due to abnormal intercellualar junction between keratinocytes (a desmosome disorder. cells come off of eachother)

Back 41

Pemphigus

Front 42

This blistering disorder ONLY occurs in the epidermis, what is it?

Back 42

Pemphigus

Front 43

What is the 2nd most common skin cancer?

Back 43

squamous cell carcinoma

Front 44

What is the disease wher you have red, scaling plaques, hyperkeratosis, ulceration, increases nubmer and invade basal layer?

Back 44

Squamous cell carcinoma

Front 45

What disease may be present as leukoplakia (white plaques in oral mucosa) in the mouth?

Back 45

SCC squamous cell carcinoma

Front 46

What is the most common skin cancer?

Back 46

basal cell carcinoma

Front 47

What carcinoma involve pearly papules with prominent dilated blood vessels in the dermis?

Back 47

basal cell carcinoma - cell look like those in basale layer - they are very dangerous when left to grow

Front 48

Where are melanocytes found?

Back 48

they break through the basement membrane and reside in the basale layer

Front 49

What is the embryonic origin of melanocytes?

Back 49

neural crest derived cells with extensive cytoplamsic processes.

Front 50

an _______ -________ unit is one melanocyte maintains an association with a given number of keratinocytes

Back 50

Epidermal-melanin

Front 51

What is the epidermal-melanin unit range?

Back 51

1melano:4keratino - 1:10

Front 52

T/F the keratinocytes doesn't usually change but the amount of Tyr & melanin you produce (if you get more sun than other) does change.

Back 52

True

Front 53

What is the 'job' of the melanocytes?

Back 53

produce and distribute melanin

Front 54

What is the production of melanin?

Back 54

tyrosine (AA) -> (converted by tyrosinase) -> DOPA -> melanin (This is all happening within vesicles in the melanocyte.

Front 55

What is the difference between a premelanosome (early vs. late?)

Back 55

The concentration of melanin (early has less) - also the location defines early vs. late

Front 56

______ ______ is when keratinocytes phagocytose tips of the melanocyte processes containing melanosome.

Back 56

Pigment donation (the process)

Front 57

In a histology section what do they melanocytes look like?

Back 57

They have a clear halo and only sen in stratum basale

Front 58

Name the disorder: partial or complete loss of melanoctyes resulting in patchy hypopigmented areas.

Back 58

Vitiligo - due to an immunologic disorder attacing ownmelanocytes, or can be genetics

Front 59

What is a tumor arising from the melanocytes called?

Back 59

melanoma

Front 60

What is the most malignant form of skin cancer?

Back 60

melanoma

Front 61

T/F melanocytes divide rarely, bt once melanoma cell (divide rapidly and are invasive and metastisize) -

Back 61

True

Front 62

T/Fmelanoma take on NC cell characteristic.

Back 62

True

Front 63

What does ABCD stand for when diagnosing a melanoma?

Back 63

Abnormal, border, color, diameter

Front 64

T/F Langerhans Cells are a macrophage.

Back 64

True

Front 65

Where are they Langerhans Cells found in the skin?

Back 65

Stratum spinosum

Front 66

Langerhan's Cells are known as APC - what does this mean?

Back 66

Antigen Presenting Cells with extensive cytoplasmic processes.

Front 67

T/F the Langerhan's cells aren't considered to be part of the mononuclear phagocytotoic system

Back 67

False, they ARE part of the system.

Front 68

How do you differentiate between the melanocytes and langerhan's cells?

Back 68

location, and size (Spinosum, larger: langerhans) (basale, smaller: melanocyte)

Front 69

Langerhan's cells are similar to melanocytes in that they have a ______ halo surrounding the cell.

Back 69

clear

Front 70

Langerhan's cells have clear _________ nuclei are more clear, (euchromatin, folds in nuclei)

Back 70

cytoplasm

Front 71

What are modified epidermal cells found in the stratum basale that are easy to recognize because they are associated with a nerve?

Back 71

Merkel's Cells

Front 72

What specialized cell is in close association with terminal bulbs of afferent nerve fibers?

Back 72

Merkel's Cells

Front 73

T/F Merkel's Cells are sensory mechanoreceptors.

Back 73

True

Front 74

The ________ is considered to be the CT layer deep to the epidermis.

Back 74

Dermis

Front 75

_______ _______ are the surface projections that interdigitate with epidermal pegs/ridges, inc. surface area.

Back 75

Dermal papillae

Front 76

The dermis is a network of __ __ helps skin elasticity.

Back 76

elastic fibers

Front 77

What layer of the dermis is this: thin, superficial loose CT, contain anchoring fibrils.

Back 77

Papillary layer

Front 78

T/F the papillary layer is highly vascular to provid enutrients to overlying epidermis

Back 78

Tru

Front 79

Name the layer of the dermis: Dense irregular CT

Back 79

Reticular layer

Front 80

As you age: ___________ slow down and elasticity goes doewn and = saggy skin

Back 80

fibroblasts/cytes

Front 81

What encapsulated nerve ending of the skin is a deep pressure receptor for mechanical and vibratory pressure?

Back 81

Pacinian corpuscles

Front 82

Where are pacinian corpuscle found?

Back 82

in the reticular layer of the dermis, hypodermis, periosteum (to feel something within the body), internal organs, and CTs

Front 83

T/F the pacinian corpuscles are unmyelinated nerve endings surrounded by a schwann cell lamellae

Back 83

False, they are myelinated.

Front 84

What encapsulated nerve ending of the skin is a touch receptors in the dermal papillae (loose CT)?

Back 84

Meissner's corpuscle

Front 85

In Meissner's corpuscles _______ (one or two) nerve endings spiral up (via tortuous path) toward the ___ ____.

Back 85

one or two (both) - basal lamina

Front 86

What supplies the protective covering to the Meissner's corpuscle?

Back 86

Schwann cell for several irregular lamellae

Front 87

What encapsulated nerve ending of the skin has an elongated fusiform shape?

Back 87

Ruffini's corpuscle

Front 88

_ ___ has a thin CT capsule enclosing a fluid filled space and is a nerve ending of the skin.

Back 88

Ruffini's Corpuscle

Front 89

What encapsulated nerve ending of the skin has one nerve ending arborize inside the capsule, and mechanical displacement of the adjacent collagen fibers.

Back 89

Ruffini's corpuscle

Front 90

______ ______ of adjacent collagen fibers activates Ruffini's corpuscle.

Back 90

Mechanical displacement.

Front 91

Subcutaneous tissue/superficial fascia also means ______ dermis

Back 91

hypo

Front 92

The ______ _______ is composed of loos CT deep to the dermis with varying amount/size of adipocytes and is highly vascularized

Back 92

Subcutaneous tissue

Front 93

What is the main cell in the subcutaneous tissue?

Back 93

adiopocytes.

Front 94

T/F the subcutaneous tissue is highly vascularized.

Back 94

True

Front 95

Where are the bulb of hair follicles found? in skin?

Back 95

in the hypodermis

Front 96

T/F Hair is found everywhere on your skin.

Back 96

False, it is found everywhere except for palms, soles, lips and region around urogential orifices

Front 97

T/F Hair is heavily influenced by sex hormones

Back 97

True

Front 98

When hair is at rest (not growing) is called.

Back 98

catagen/telogen

Front 99

T/F hair grows asynchronously.

Back 99

True

Front 100

Hair that is in it's 'grwoing' state is called

Back 100

anagen

Front 101

The Hair _______ is an epidermal invagination. - it is responsible for production of growth of hair -

Back 101

follicle

Front 102

THe hair ________ is the terminal dilation of the follicle -contains dermal papillae: loose CT -

Back 102

bulb

Front 103

The hair _____ is composed of keratinized cells.

Back 103

cortex

Front 104

The hair _______ is the outermost later, looks like shingles layered.

Back 104

cuticle

Front 105

Where is the internal root sheath found in the hair?

Back 105

It is an outer cellular layer, only around hair bulb, as you go upward it disappears.

Front 106

Where is the external root sheath found?

Back 106

outermost cellular layer, continuous with epidermis

Front 107

What is the thickened basal lamina associated with the hair?

Back 107

Glassy membrane

Front 108

What muscle is associated with hair?

Back 108

arrector pili

Front 109

What types of hair have a medulla?

Back 109

(keratinizing bigger cells) - villous don't have these (peach fuzz) - they are seen in the hairs of scalp

Front 110

T/F melanocytes found in the hair bulb.

Back 110

True.

Front 111

Arrector pili are innervated by the _______ system.

Back 111

sympathetic

Front 112

What gland is associated with the hair follicle?

Back 112

sebaceous gland

Front 113

What produces sebum and is an acinar holocrine gland?

Back 113

Sebaceous

Front 114

a __________ (holocrine/merocrine) is a gland that sheds it product and itself at same time.

Back 114

holocrine

Front 115

What is the role of sebum?

Back 115

bacteriostatic, barrier, water proof..acne=this..b/c bacteria living in this eat sebum and waste product = clog pore

Front 116

what is almost always associated with the hair follicle in the dermis?

Back 116

sebaceous gland

Front 117

What cells when seen in a section are big, fat, full of product, pugnate nuclei, look foamy, where are they from?

Back 117

sebaceous gland

Front 118

What glands are found everywhere but in the lips and external genitalia

Back 118

Eccrine

Front 119

A simple coiled tubular merocrine glands is what type of gland found in the skin?

Back 119

eccrine

Front 120

Where is the secretory segment of the eccrine sweat glands?

Back 120

dermis and hypodermis

Front 121

Within the secretory segment of eccrine sweat glands there are three types of cells, name them.

Back 121

Clear cells and dark cells oh and myoepithelial cell

Front 122

What do the clear cells of the eccrine gland do?

Back 122

produce the watery component of teh sweat

Front 123

What do the dark cells of the eccrine gland do?

Back 123

pyramidal cells with abudant secretory granules, balance ion content of sweat

Front 124

What do myoepithelieal cells do?

Back 124

line outside of secertory gland and squeez out product.

Front 125

Where is the duct segment found of the eccrine sweat gland?

Back 125

opens to the epidermal surface, just delievers product on surface of the skin.

Front 126

what type of cell composes the duct segment?

Back 126

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Front 127

The major role of the eccrine sweat gland is ____ ______.

Back 127

temperature regulation.

Front 128

The ________- glands are limitied to teh axilla, areola, nipple, skin around the genitals

Back 128

apocrine

Front 129

What type of glands are branched coiled tubular glands associated with hair follicles?

Back 129

Apocrine sweat glands

Front 130

What is the purpose of an apocrine gland having a large lumen?

Back 130

it stores secretory products; protein-rich, viscous secretion

Front 131

What is the viscous secretion produced by apocrine glands composed of?

Back 131

rich in sugar, when expelled bacteria on surface eat it = body odor

Front 132

When do the apocrine gland become functional

Back 132

at puberty in response to sex hormones

Front 133

What is the major difference when looking at histo slides to differentiate between apocrine and eccrine?

Back 133

apocrine has a MUCH bigger lumen than eccrine glands

Front 134

The _____ is composed of plates of keratinized epithelial cells

Back 134

nail (dehydrated)

Front 135

The nail _________ is the proximal portion of the nail buried in the epidermis

Back 135

root

Front 136

the nail _____ is the germinative zone containing stem cells, directly surround the ROOT.

Back 136

matrix

Front 137

The nail _____ is in the stratum corneum

Back 137

plate

Front 138

The nail ____is in the stratum basale and spinosum

Back 138

bed

Front 139

What are the cornified cells, that you need to cut away?

Back 139

eponychium/cuticle

Front 140

What is the thickened epidermal layer, securing the free edge of the nail plate?

Back 140

Hyponychium