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444 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anatomy |
study of internal and external structure
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what is the oldest medical science |
anatomy |
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physiolody |
study of function |
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medical terminolgy |
special language that has roots, prefixes, and suffixes |
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2 subdivisions of anatomy |
gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy |
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types of gross anatomy |
-surface anatomy -regional anatomy -systemic anatomy -developmental anatomy -clinical anatomy |
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surface anatomy |
exterior features |
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regional anatomy |
body areas |
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systemic anatomy |
groups of organs working together |
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developmental anatomy |
from conception to death |
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clinical anatomy |
medical specialties |
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microscopic anatomy |
study of microscopic entities: cells and molecules |
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gross anatomy |
macroscopic anatomy that examines large visible objects |
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types of microscopic anatomy |
-cytology -histology -pathology |
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cytology |
study of cells and their structure |
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cyt |
cell |
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histology |
study of tissues and their structures |
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pathology |
study of diseased tissue |
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developmental anatomy |
study of changes in structures from conception until death |
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embryology |
study of changes in the embryo and is part of developmental anatomy |
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types of clinical anatomy |
radiographic anatomy pathological anatomy |
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pathological anatomy |
anatomical features that change during illness |
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radiographic anatomy |
non invasive study of internal organs without surgery |
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types of radiographic anatomy |
-xray -ct scan -pet scan -mri |
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radiograph = |
xray |
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x rays dont pass easily through ___ |
dense structures hollow structures appear black and dense appear white |
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angiogram |
barium contrast x ray |
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cat scan |
-computed tomography ct -x rays created transverse sections of soft tissue which can be assembled to build 3 d views of structures |
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mri |
-magnetic resonance imaging -body exposed to high energy magnetic field causes protons to arrange body fluids and tissue to rearrange ions interpreted as patterns of colors differentiating between soft normal and abnormal tissue |
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pet |
-position emission transmission -injected with radioactive glucose and black area indicates no activity which shows stroke in brain, white show max activity |
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ultrasound scan sonogram |
use sound waves to reflect off of soft tissue commonly used to visualize fetus |
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radionuclide scanning |
-radioactive substance injected is detected by camera and computer -red indicates greatest activity and most uptake -green indicates migrane attack in right picture |
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endoscopy |
technique uses a lighted instrument with lens |
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types of endoscopy |
-colonoscopy -laproscopy -arthroscopy |
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cell physiology |
processes within and between cells |
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special physiology |
functions of specific organs |
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systemic physiology |
functions of an organ system |
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pathological physiology |
effects of diseases pathology |
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3 principles of anatomy and physiology |
-complementarity of structure and function -structural levels of organization -homeostasis |
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levels of organization |
-chemical -cellular -tissue -organ -organ system -organism |
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organization of living things has a high degree of ___ |
order |
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order = |
energy =life |
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disorder = |
entropy |
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characteristics of life |
-composed of organic compounds -utilize energy and undergo metabolism -exhibit growth and development -respond to external environment -homeostasis maintains internal env -adaptation -reproduction |
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organs of integumentary system |
skin, hair, sweat glands, nails |
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functions of integumentary systems |
-protects against environmental hazards -helps regulate body temps -provides sensory info -forms external body covering -site of cutaneous receptors |
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organs of skeletal system |
bones cartilage associated ligaments bone marrow |
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functions of skeletal system |
-provide support and protect other tissues -stores calcium and other minerals -forms blood cells
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major organs of muscular system |
skeletal muscles and associated tendons |
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functions of muscular system |
-provide movement -provide protection and support for other tissues -generates heat that maintains body temp
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nervous system organs |
-brain -spinal cord -peripheral nerves -sense organs |
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functions of nervous system |
-directs immediate responses to stimuli -coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems -provides and interprets sensory info about external conditions -electrical impulse driven |
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organs of endocrine system |
-pituitary gland -thyroid gland -pancreas -suprarenal glands -gonads -endocrine tissue in other systems |
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endocrine system functions |
-horomone driven -directs long term changes in activities of other organ systems -adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body -controls many structural and functional changes during development -glands secrete chemical messengers that regulate processes |
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cardiovascular organs |
-heart -blood -blood vessels |
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functions of cardiovascular system |
-distribute blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide -distribute heat and assists in control of body temp
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lymphoid organs |
-spleen -thymus -lymphatic vessels -lymph nodes -tonsils |
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lymphoid functions |
-defends against infection and disease -returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream -houses white blood cells involved in immunity -attacks against foreign substances |
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respiratory organs |
-nasal cavities -sinuses -larynx -trachea -bronchii -lungs -alveoli |
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functions of respiratory system |
-delivers air to alveoli -provides oxygen to the bloodstream -removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream -produces sounds for communication
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alveoli |
sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs |
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organs of digestive system |
-teeth -tongue -pharynx -esophagus -stomach -small intestine -large intestine -liver -gallbladder -pancreas |
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functions of digestive system |
-processes and digests food -absorbs and conserves water -absorbs nutrients -stores energy reserves -breaks down food into absorbable units |
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urinary system organs |
-kidneys -ureters -urinary bladder -urethra |
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functions of urinary system |
-excretes waste products from the blood -controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced -sores urine prior to voluntary elimination -regulates blood ion concentrations and pH |
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male reproductive organs |
-testes -epididymides -ductus deferens -seminal vesicles -prostate gland -penis -scrotum |
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male reproductive functions |
-produces male sex cells -sexual intercourse |
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female reproductive organs |
-ovaries -uterine tubes -uterus -vagina -labia -clitoris -mammary glands |
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female reproductive function |
-produces female sex cells -supports developing embryo from conception to delivery -provides milk to nourish newborn implants -sexual intercourse |
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homeostasis |
ability of organism to maintain a relatively balanced or stable internal environment in order to provide an ideal or optimal set of conditions for the cells to perform |
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internal environment |
interstitial fluid that surrounds the body |
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self regulation of internal conditions |
-body makes adjustments to maintain homeostasis -sweating, increased breathing |
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dynamic constancy |
state of internal environment that is constantly changing |
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factors that effect dynamic constancy |
-temp -water and salt levels -glucose -oxygen and co2 |
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dynamic constancy is required for |
-neural activity -muscle contraction -optimal enzyme activity for all metabolic reactions |
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mechanisms for homeostasis regulations |
-intrinsic regulation -extrinsic regulation
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intrinsic regulation
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-autoregulation -automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change |
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extrinsic regulation |
responses controlled by nervous and endocrine system |
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feedback systems |
homeostatic mechanisms that maintain internal constancy are collectively known as feedback systems |
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3 parts of feedback systems |
-control center with a set point -receptors -effectors |
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homeostasis sensors |
receives the stimulus |
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homeostasis control center |
processes the signal and sends instructions |
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homeostasis effectors |
carries out instructions |
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2 types of feedback systems |
negative and positive |
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negative feedback |
more common counteracts or reverses a change in the controlled condition to bring back to normal, restoring homeostasis |
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positive feedback |
drives rapid, self limiting changes tends to strengthen or reinforce a change on one of the bodys controlled conditions |
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role of negative feedback |
-response of the effector negates the stimulus -body is brought back into homeostasis -normal range is achieved |
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negative feedback and set point |
detects a deviation from the set point and the receptor signals a control center that activates an effector mechanism that counteracts the stimulus |
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example of negative feedback |
blood sugar level regulation |
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role of positive feedback |
-response of effector increases change of the stimulus -body is moved away from homeostasis -used to speed up process |
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positive feedback mechanism |
result of the response by the effector strengthens the original stimulus and increases the force of the response, the leasing to a cascade effect |
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example of positive feedback |
blood clotting and uterine contraction |
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systems involved in body temp |
-integumentary -muscular -cardiovascular -nervous |
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systems involved in body fluid composition |
-digestive -cardio -urinary -respiratory |
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systems involved in blood fluid volume |
-urinary -digestive -cardio -integumentary |
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systems involved in waste product concentration |
-urinary -digestive -cardio |
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systems involved in blood pressure |
-cardio -nervous -endocrine |
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anatomical position |
standing erect with hands at sides palms facing forward |
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supine |
lying down, face up |
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prone |
lying down, face down |
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principal regions |
axial and appendicular |
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cranial cavity |
skull and face |
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neck (body region) |
supports the head and attaches it to the trunk |
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trunk (body region) |
consists of chest abdomen and pelvis |
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upper limbs (body region) |
shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand |
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lower limbs (body region) |
buttocks, thigh,leg, ankle, foot |
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cephalon |
head |
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cervicis |
neck |
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thoracis |
chest |
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brachium |
arm |
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carpal |
wrist |
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tarsus |
ankle |
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gluteus |
buttock |
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anatomical direction |
indicates relationship of one part of body to another |
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anterior |
front |
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ventral |
belly side |
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posterior |
back |
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cranial/cepahilc |
toward the head |
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superior |
above |
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inferior |
below |
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caudal |
toward the tail |
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medial |
toward the midline |
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lateral |
away from the midline |
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proximal |
toward the attached base |
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distal |
away from the attached base |
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plane |
a three d axis |
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section |
a slice parallel to a plane |
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what is section used for |
visualize internal organization and structure |
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what is section important in |
MRI PET CT |
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transverse plane |
separates body into front and back |
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frontal plane |
separates body into left and right |
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transverse plane |
separates body into top and bottom |
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midsagittal |
passes through the midline |
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function of body cavitites |
-protect organs from accidental shocks -permit changes in size and shape of internal organs -separate and support internal organs with connective tissue |
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viscera |
organs in the ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) |
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coelom |
holds all organs in the viscera |
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what is ventral body cavity divided by |
diaphragm |
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4 body cavities |
cranial vertebral thoracic abdominopelvic |
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serous membrane |
thin, slippery, double layered lining of body cavities |
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what does serous membrane consist of |
parietal layer visceral layer |
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parietal layer |
lines cavity |
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visceral layer |
covers organ |
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what does serous membrane produce |
mucus that decrease friction allowing organs to slide |
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cranial cavity |
enclosed by the cranium and contains the brain |
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vertebral cavity |
enclosed by the vertebral column (backbone) and contain the spinal cord |
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meninges |
3 membranes that line the cranial and vertebral cavities |
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regions of thoracic cavity |
pleura, mediastinum |
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pleural cavity |
contain lungs |
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mediatrinum |
-upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus -lower portion contains pericardial cavity |
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pericardial cavity |
where heart is located |
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trachea |
windpipe |
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thymus |
picks up bacteria from environment and stores info |
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when does the thymus decrease in size |
18 because most of work is already done |
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abdominopelvic cavity |
contains abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity |
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peritoneal cavity |
-parietal peritoneum lines the body wall -visceral peritoneum covers the organs -in abdominopelvic cavity |
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abdominal cavity |
-superior portion -contains digestive organs -diaphragm at top |
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pelvic cavity |
-inferior portion -within pelvic bones -contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder |
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organic |
carbon based |
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what are microbes in gut responsible for |
autoimmune diseases |
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matter |
stuff |
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mass |
amount of matter (doesnt change on the moon) |
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weight |
the gravitational pull on that matter (changes on the moon) |
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how many elements are there |
92 |
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what makes up elements |
atoms |
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element |
cannot be broken down into other kinds of substances and still retain it properties |
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polymeric are usually ____ |
larger |
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inorganic molecules are usually not ___ |
polymeric |
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adding energy adds __ |
space |
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states of matter |
solid liquid gas plasma |
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energy and states of matter |
increases going from solid to gas |
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bohr model |
where we think we will find electron |
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what is found in the nucleus |
protons and neutrons |
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the further the electron is from the nucleus |
the less crontrol of the electron |
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are atoms neutral |
yes |
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atomic mass |
protons + neutrons |
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is the nuclear core dense |
yes |
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# of protons = |
atomic # |
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# electrons = |
# protons in an atom |
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do protons move fast or slow |
slow |
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what is the heaviest subatomic particle |
neutron |
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atomic mass is relative to ___ |
mass of hydrogen atom |
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half life |
amount of time to decay to stable elemetn |
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alpha particles |
-heavy -easy to stop (paper) but cause a lot of damage |
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beta particles |
-easy to stop (paper) -appear in fallout |
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gamma rays |
-fast -cause burns -difficult to stop |
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fallout |
radioactive particles found after atomic bomb mushroom cloud |
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if exposed to radioactivity |
bruising, hemorrhaging, pain |
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goiter |
caused by insufficient iodine to thyroid |
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element |
may vary in electrons and neutrons but not protons |
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how many protons does carbon have |
6 |
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isotope |
atoms with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons |
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the more neutrons an isotope has the greater the _____ |
instability |
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chemical profile |
# of electrons in the outer shell determine the reactivity of the atom |
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probability cloud |
electrons in an atom can exist only in certain regions of movement |
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electron configuration |
electrons are arranged around the nucleus in electron shells that correspond to different energy levels |
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flight pattern |
also called sub orbitals |
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primary quantum numbers |
1 2 3 4 5 |
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secondary quantum numbers |
s sp spd spdf |
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s orbital |
first shell circle |
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sp orbital |
circle with more energy |
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transition metals |
electrons held very loosely so tend to want to give them away |
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____ makes the most bonds with the most elements |
carbons |
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valence electrons |
the electrons on the outermost shell (the ones that are going to engage) |
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atoms like the have their outermost shell ____ |
full |
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atoms without a full outer shell are ____ |
not chemically stable |
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octet rule |
atoms are most stable when they have a full shell of electrons in the outside electron ring |
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when are atoms most stable |
when the electrons fill the orbits |
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valence # |
# of electron atoms must gain or lose = # of bonds |
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molecular formula |
tells atoms and how many of each atom
H20 |
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NaCl |
sodium chloride |
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CO2 |
carbon dioxide |
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coefficient |
number in front of the symbol |
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subscript |
number behind the symbol |
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structural formula |
show the arrangement of compound |
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___ dont ever bond willingly |
noble gases |
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inert elements |
completely filled outer shells noble gases |
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molecule |
if atoms are identicalcom |
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compound |
if atoms differ |
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chemical bond |
reversible glue between atoms energy is given off when broken apart |
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ionic bond |
transferring electrons between metal and nonmetal |
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covalent bond |
sharing electrons |
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non polar covalent |
electrons shared evenly |
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polar covalent bond |
electrons shared unevenly, tend to go towards bigger atom |
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what is the universal solvent |
water |
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do polar or nonpolar have a charge |
polar |
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what are nonpolar molecules attracted to |
weak bonds called van der waals forces |
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hydrophilic |
soluble in water polar |
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hydrophobic |
soluble in oil and not water nonpolar |
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1 ___ of electrons per bond |
pair |
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oxidizers |
desire more electrons |
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reducer |
desires fewer electrons |
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vacancy |
when an element wants more electrons than it has it has a vacancy |
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molecules |
clusters of atoms of the same kind held together by covalent bonds |
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HONC |
hydrogen has one bond oxygen has 2 nitrogen has 3 carbon has 4 |
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ion |
charged atom |
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electrolyte |
solution that carries an electric charge |
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ionic bonds ____ in water |
dissociate |
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which is the weakest bond |
van der waals |
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what is the strongest bond |
covalent |
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what do hydrogen bonds get their strength from |
the number of bonds |
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what percent of body is made of water |
60-70% |
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what life processes does water help with |
reproduction and digestions |
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covalent bonding = |
dipolar molecule |
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what breaks when water is boiled |
hydrogen bonds |
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cohesion |
tension produced by water molecules because they tend to stick together through hydrogen bondss |
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properties of water |
-high specific heat -high latent heat -high surface tension |
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what is the only substance that expands when frozen |
water |
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is ice or water less dense |
ice |
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waters high heat of vaporization |
takes a lot of energy to evaporate a molecule of water so water remains cooler |
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waters high specific heat |
takes a lot of energy to raise the temp of water which lessens the impact of environmental temp change |
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why do lakes remain liquid at the bottom during winter |
high heat of fusion |
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adhesion |
attraction to unlike molecules -h20 moves up a tree from the roots |
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what bond holds organic compounds together |
covalent |
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what are inorganic compounds held together by |
ionic |
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ions and polar compounds undergo ___ in water |
ionization/dissociation |
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hydration spheres |
polar water molecules form around ions and small polar molecules to keep them in solution |
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solution |
what the solvent and solute are in |
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solvent |
what dissolves the solute |
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solute |
what is being dissolved |
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protoplasm= |
cytoplasm=intracellular fluid |
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extracellular fluid = |
lymph |
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anabolic |
uses small molecules for building up |
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catabolic |
breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules |
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mixture |
combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together |
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solutions usually have more __ than __ |
solvent than solute |
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colloid |
size of particles are larger which scatter light making them translucent, particles do not settle out |
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suspesion |
particles size is very large and will eventually settle out forming a precipitate |
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are solutions of mixtures chemically bound |
solutions |
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molarity |
moles per liter |
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mole |
quantity of any substance having a weight in grams equal to the atomic or molecular weight of that substance |
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changes in concentration of electrolytes in body fluids will |
disturb almost every vital function |
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anion |
negative ion |
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cation |
positive ion |
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KCl |
potassium chloride |
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CaPO4 |
calcium phosphate 2+ 2- |
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NaHCO3 |
sodium bicarbonate + - |
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Na2HPO4 |
sodium hydrogen phosphate + - |
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hydronium ions |
H+ |
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hydroxyl ions |
OH- |
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hydronium ion |
H3O |
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acids |
-release protons when dissolved in water thus making H3O -proton donor -dissociates into 1 or more H ions and 1 or more anions |
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base |
-capable of accepting proton -proton acceptor -dissociates into 1 or more cation and 1 or more OH- |
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base= |
alkaline |
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ionization |
-water molecules continuously exchanging protons with eachother to form ions -make inorganic compounds soluble in H2O |
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pure H2O= |
distilled H2O |
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pH of pure water |
7 |
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what does pH stand for |
power of the hydrogen |
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example of inorganic compounds |
oxygen, salts, acids, bases |
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salt |
compound that dissociates in water into cations and anions that are not H+ or OH- |
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higher [H+] and lower pH |
acid |
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pH scale is a |
-[log] |
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pH scale is tenfold |
increases or decreases on a multiple of 10 |
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what helps manage pH |
buffers also control acid/base balance |
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what is a major protein in the blood |
hemoglobin |
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pH of acid |
1-6 |
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acid base reactions |
neutralize one another |
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free radical |
molecules containing oxygen atoms with unfilled outer electron shells |
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oxidative stress |
biological rusting due to free radicals |
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antioxidants |
we eat these to make free radicals harmless |
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flavenoids |
antioxidant in orange, yellow, and red fruits and vegetables |
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are hydrocarbons usually polar or nonpolar |
nonpolar |
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basic forms of hydrocarbons |
-simple chains -branched chains -rings |
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are hydrocarbons usually small or large |
large |
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functional group |
-active pieces of many molecules -small molecule fragments -determines properties of larger molecules -attached to other molecules |
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functional groups |
-methyl -hydroxyl -carboxyl -amine -phosphate -aldehyde -ketone |
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methyl group |
-in waxes, fats, and oils -nonpolar -CH3 |
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hydroxyl group |
-OH- -polar -sugars |
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carboxyl group |
-COOH- -sugars, fats, amino acids -polar and acidic |
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amine group |
-NH3+ -basic and polar -amino acids, proteins |
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phosphate group |
-PO3- -DNA and ATP -polar
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aldehyde group |
-sugars -COH |
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ketone group |
-sugars -CO |
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macromolecule = |
polymer |
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what are building blocks |
monomers |
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4 classes of biochemicals |
-carb -lipids -proteins -nucleic acid |
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what is carb composed of |
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
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glucose |
-C6H12O6 -monomer for carb
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function of carbohydrate |
-short term energy storage and some structure -most important metabolic fuel in the body |
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sizes of carbohydrates |
-monosaccharides -disaccharides -polysaccharides |
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what is the plant cell wall made of |
polysaccharide |
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saccharide |
sugar |
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simple sugars |
glucose, fructose, galactose, manose |
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pentoses |
-5 carbon sugars -ribose and deoxyribose |
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hexoses |
6 carbon sugar |
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properties of monosaccharides |
-soluble in water -taste sweet -many end in -ose |
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sucrose |
- disaccharide aka table sugar - glucose + fructose |
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lactose intolerence |
cant be broken down into monosaccharides |
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oligosaccharides |
few monosaccharides joined together |
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common disaccharides |
-sucrose -lactose -maltose |
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lipopolysaccharides |
on bacteria and is what body recognizes |
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oligosaccharides are sometimes called |
-ID markers -on surface of cell and help distinguish what cell it is and self from nonself |
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dehydration synthesis |
join monomers by taking away water |
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hydrolysis is also known as |
digestion |
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lysis |
breaking down |
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hydrolysis |
molecule is broken in two and water is formed |
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polysaccharide |
many monosaccharides joined together |
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types of polysaccharides |
-starch -cellulose -glycogen -chitin -amylose |
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cellulose |
most abundant organic molecule on earth and it cant be digested |
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glycogen |
animal starch, stored and made in muscles and liver -breaks down easily into glucose |
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chitin |
exoskeleton of arthropods |
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amylose |
plant starch, form spiral |
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why does digestion occur |
need to be small enough to get through the cell membrane |
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two stereoisomers |
d and l |
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l stereoisomer |
often found in nature and stands for leboform, stomach does not digest |
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d stereoisomer |
-dextro -important in dietetic candy -can be metabolized |
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food less than __ calories per serving can say it has no calories |
5 |
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splenda |
-sucralose -3 carbons with 3 Cls added |
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what is the most important building block for cell membrane |
lipids |
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function of lipids |
energy storage, structure of cell membranes |
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lipids |
-nonpolar -heterogenous -slippery -greater than 2:1 ratio of H to O |
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simple lipids (triglycerides) |
-fats -oils -waxes |
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elcodanoids |
-prostoglandins and leucotrienes -chemical messangers for local activities which most body tissues produce |
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examples of complex lipids |
carotenoids sterols vitamin a d e k phospholipids eicosanoids |
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what is the mono unit of fats |
fatty acid |
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fatty acids |
long carbon chain with hydrogen atoms attached. at one end there is a carboxyl/acid group |
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which end of the fatty acid is hydrophilic |
the carboxyl group |
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what is the backbone of glycerides |
glycerol |
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glycerides |
-fatty acids attach to glycerol via dehydration synthesis -up to 3 can attach |
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where are triglycerides found |
beef and vegetable oils |
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dehydration synthesis in glycerides |
OH group in glycerol forms water with the COOH group in fatty acid |
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in triglyceride what gives it its characteristics |
fatty acids |
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saturated |
-filled with hydrogens -no C=C double bond -straight with no kink |
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unsaturated |
-saves some hydrogens -one more more c=c double bond -has a kink |
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what saturation is best for you |
polyunsaturated |
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what does kink in unsaturated fats do |
doesnt allow molecules to pack closely together so they remain liquid |
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what form are saturated fats |
solid at room temp |
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how many calories is 1 g of fat |
9 |
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how many calories is 1 g of carb |
4 |
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what are triglycerides used for |
-long term energy storage
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what are triglycerides stored as |
adipose tissue under skin |
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arthrosclerosis |
hardening of arteries because fat blocks the arteries |
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essential fatty acids |
-omega 3 -omega 6 |
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where are omega 3s found |
fish, flax seed, walnuts |
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HDL |
good cholesterol |
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LDL |
bad cholesterol |
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function of essential fatty acids |
-decrease bone loss -reduce inflammation -promotes wound healing -improves skin disorders -improves mental function |
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oils |
long chain fatty acids that contain C=C double bonds giving liquid characteristics |
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waxes |
-long chained fatty acids linked to alcohols or carbon rings -very large molecules |
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cuticle |
-plant covering that helps conserve water and fends off parasites -a wax |
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function of wax in animals |
-lubricates -repels water -imparts piliabilty to skin and hair |
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simple lipids |
fats oils and waxes |
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complex lipids contain |
C + H + O and a P N or S ring structure |
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phospholipid |
1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 polar group |
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where are phospholipids found |
mostly membranes |
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phospholipids have a ___ head and a ___ tail |
polar and nonpolar |
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glycolipid |
made the same way as phospholipids but with a carbohydratesteroids |
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steroids |
consists of a hydrocarbon skeleton and four carbon rings with different functional groups attached to one ring |
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sterol |
when the functional group of a steroid is OH |
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where are sterols found |
eukaryotic cell membranes |
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what is an example of sterols |
cholesterol |
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cholesterol |
keeps cell membranes soft so things can continue to move |
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what are sterols used to make |
-vitamin D -steroids -bile salts -sex horomones |
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b carotene |
a lipid that is a source of vitamin A |
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where is bile stored |
gallbladder |
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what are bile salts required for |
normal processing of dietary fats |
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trans fat |
manufacturers add hydrogen to vegetable oil to increase shelf life |
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what omega 3s do |
reduce risk of heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, other inflammatory disease |
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function of protein |
-catalytic -immunology -buffering -regulation -structure -transport -movement |
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what are proteins made of |
amino acids |
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what do amino acids end in |
ine |
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what are proteins made of |
amino group +carboxyl group + R group + C |
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what joins amino acids together |
peptide bond |
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where does bond between peptides form |
-carboxyl group of 1 amino acid and amine group of other amino acid -between c and n |
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enzymes end in |
ase |
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nothing happens in the body without |
enzymes |
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level of protein structure |
primary secondary tertiary quaternary |
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primary protein structure |
sequence of aa |
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secondary protein structure |
coiling or folding of the chain with hydrogen bonds |
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tertiary protein structure |
coiling of the coil with hydrogen and sulfur bonds |
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quaternary protein structure |
two or more chains bonded together |
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secondary structure can either be |
alpha helix or beta pleated sheet |
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structural classes of protein |
fibrous and globular |
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fibrous proteins |
form extended sheets or strands usually resulting from secondary structure |
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example of fibrous protein |
keratin and collagen |
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globular protein |
compact and generally rounded that is due to tertiary structure |
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denaturation |
loss of tertiary structure |
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what causes denaturation |
temp pH altered salt concentration |
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enzymes |
proteins that facilitate reactions |
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catalysts |
regulate biochemical reactions |
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substrate |
what the enzyme is working on |
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active site |
-point of engagement -crevice where the substrate binds to enzyme during a reaction |
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intermediates |
substrates that form between the start and conclusion of metabolic pathway |
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end products |
substances present at the conclusion of a reaction or pathway |
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energy carriers |
-donate energy to substances by transferring function groups to them -atp is main type |
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coenzyme |
-organic molecules that assist enzymes -vitamins |
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co factor |
metal ions that transport electrons/atoms assist enzymes |
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mononucleotide example |
atp nad camp |
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polynucleotide |
dna and rna |
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building blocks of nucleic acids |
nucleotides |
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parts of nucleotide |
phosphate group + 5 carbon sugar + nitrogenous base |
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pyramidines |
smaller c t u |
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purines |
larger (2 car garage) a g |
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dna function |
info storage, form hereditary material that passes genetic info to next generation |
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dna is connected by |
sugar phosphate backbone |
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nitrogenous bases |
a t g c |
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base pairing |
a-t has 2 bonds g-c has 3 bonds |
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antiparallel |
two strings of dna are going in opposing directions |
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base pairs of dna are the ___ of a latter |
rungs |
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genome |
complete set of information |
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where is dna |
only in nucleus |
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which rna is found inside the nucleus |
mRNA |
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synthesis reaction |
-anabolism - A+B-->AB |
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decomposition reaction |
-catabolism -AB--> A+B |
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exchange reaction |
-combination |
