Systems (Digestion And Excretion)

Front 1

Describe the process of ingestion.

Back 1

- Food turns into bolus using mouth (tongue and teeth)

- Tongue pushes bolus to back of pharynx

- Muscles contract of epiglottis over trachea

- Bolus goes down to digestive system

Front 2

Describe the process of peristalsis.

Back 2

As known as the process of swallowing, the movement of the bolus goes downwards from the esophagus.

Front 3

Describe the process of carbohydrate absorption.

Back 3

Polysaccharide

> break down >

disaccharide

> break down >

monosaccharide

> break down >

fructose/glucose

Front 4

Describe the process of protein absorption.

Back 4

large protein

> break down >

peptides

> break down >

amino acids

Front 5

Describe the process of fat absorption.

Back 5

Bile salts + fat globules

> break down >

emulsification droplets

> break down >

bile salts + fatty acids and monoglycerides

> break down >

micelles

> break down >

chylomicron

Front 6

List the key organs that aid in digestion and describe their roles.

Back 6

Pancreas - produces several digestive enzymes to act in small intestine

Liver - produces bile

Gallbladder - bile is stored before being released into the small intestine

Front 7

Describe the main steps of digestion.

Back 7

Ingestion - consume feed via mouth

Digestion - mechanically/chemically breaking down food into pieces

Movement - food moved along the GI tract to go through all functions

Absorption - nutrients move across GI tract wall to be delivered to cells/tissues via bloodstream

Elimination - remove molecules that are indigestible

Front 8

Describe the process of the urinary system.

Back 8

1. Excretion of metabolic wastes

2. Maintenance of water-salt balance

3. Maintenance of acid-base (pH) balance

4. Hormone secretion: renin and erythropoietin

Front 9

Describe the process of excretion.

Back 9

– Urea made by the breakdown of amino acids in the liver

– Uric acid made by the breakdown of nucleotides(crystallized uric acid in joints causes gout, but alsoappears to serve as antioxidant)

– Creatinine made by muscle cells from the breakdown ofcreatine phosphate

Front 10

Describe the process of the pancreas as an exocrine gland.

Back 10

Secretes enzymes to break down proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids in food.

Front 11

Describe the process of the pancreas as an endocrine gland.

Back 11

Releases hormones (insulin and glucagon) to control blood sugar levels throughout the day.

Front 12

Three steps of urine formation.

Back 12

- Glomerular filtration

- Tubular reabsorption

- Tubular secretion

Front 13

Describe the process of glomerular filtration.

Back 13

• Water and small moleculesmove from glomerulusto glomerular capsulewhile large molecules andformed elements remain inthe glomerular blood.

• The filtrate that enters thenephron is very much likeplasma. Next job is torecover much of this andsend it back into the blood.

• Blood pressure drives thisfiltration at the glomerulus.

Front 14

Describe the process of tubular reabsorption.

Back 14

Many molecules and ions arereabsorbed from the nephronand returned to the blood.

– e.g. NaCl– H2O, which moves by osmosis‘after’ salts and ions

– e.g. glucose

– These move via specific carrierproteins in the cell membranes

Front 15

Describe the process of tubular secretion.

Back 15

Removesubstances such as drugs, H+and creatinine from the blood byactive transport.

Front 16

What is urine formed by?

Back 16

The nephron.

Front 17

Describe the process of osmoregulation.

Back 17

Maintain a constant blood pressure (related toblood volume) and constant blood osmolarity (solute concentration inblood).

Low blood pressure would trigger - Reabsorption of salt and waterfrom the nephrons – water increases the blood volume

Front 18

How are nutrients digested andtransported out of the small intestine for carbohydrates and proteins?

Back 18

Nutrients go in and out of the small intestine.

1. Enzyme catalyze the hydrolysis reactions to break down food

2. Much of the absorption process relies on facilitated transport

3. Blood travels via hepatic portal vein to liver for additional metabolism

Front 19

How are nutrients digested and transported out of the small intestine for fats?

Back 19

Nutrients go in and out of the small intestine.

1. Enzyme catalyze the hydrolysis reactions to break down food

2. Much of the absorption process relies on facilitated transport

3. Must be in a watery environment, goes through the lacteal and thoracic duct.

Front 20

What is active transport?

Back 20

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.