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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are advantages of multisite production systems?
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Multiple sites are economically beneficial & limits disease
Can have bigger breeder herd Contract out Grow-Finish Age groups physically separated Each stage has own staff |
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What are examples of different production systems used in swine?
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1 site production: bad for dz transmission
breeding/gestation: never empty farrowing, nursery, grow/finish: all in all out 2 site production site 1: breeding/gestation, farrowing, nursery site 2: grow/finish (enter at ~10 w.) 3 site production: what is now used most commonly (allows specialization site 1: breeding/gestation, farrowing site 2: nursery (3-10 w.) site 3: grow/finish (10-24 w.) |
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What is the pyramid of production?
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production nucleus --> daughter nucleus --> nucleus --> multiplier herds --> commercial herds
boar studs (AI) used at level of nucleus & multiplier herds: health status of boars important Highest quality genetic stock at top, healthiest pigs at top, dz frequency ↑ as you descend pyramid Focus of DVM efforts should be at boar multiplier, boar stud and daughter nucleus No genetic change in commercial herd level – takes too long (being done at Daughter/Production nucleus levels) |
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What is the most common grouping system used in swine production?
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Most common is 20 Group System
Gestation = 16 weeks Lactation = 3 weeks Breeding = 1 week 1 group per 1 week House layout (“the snake”) -Gestation/breeding 17 sections (16 for gestation, 1 for breeding) -Farrowing house has 4 section (3 for lactation, 1 always open for sanitizing) -Open sections sanitized then filled |
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When do the following events occur in gestation?
a. maternal recognition of pregnancy b. skeletal mineralization c. immunocompetence of fetus d. farrowing |
a. 10-15 d.
b. 35-40 d. (once occurs: can only have mummies or abortions) c. 70-80 d. d. 111-116 d. (stillbirths only) |
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delayed puberty
a. definition b. factors influencing onset of puberty |
a. females not showing 1st estrus by 7 mo.
b. age boar exposure: 2-4 w. of boar exposure may be required to initiate ovarian cyclicity season: summer environment: high temps, inappropriate photoperiod stocking density husbandry skills of personnel: how good at detecting estrus |
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delayed puberty: dx & corrective procedures
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records
evaluate boar exposure procedures & estrus detection techniques inspect facilities: temperature, stocking density slaughterhouse exam of ovaries endocrine testing: paired serum samples to determine progesterone concentrations -positive: cycling, estrus missed -negative: re-sample in 11 d. *positive: cycling, estrus missed *negative -give eCG/hCG combo (PG-600) OR cull: examine repro tracts at slaughterhouse |
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What are methods of estrus detection used in gilts?
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management: 6 mo. & > 220 lbs. body wt
manipulation & induction of estrus -transport induced estrus: stress of moving from 1 herd to another often helps some animals come into heat w/in 21 d. -boar contact *6 mo. of age: helps to detect estrus, does NOT induce estrus *150-160 d.: optimal for induction of estrus -acyclic anovulatory gilts: inject w/ PG-600 *acyclic gilts come into heat *cyclic gilts don’t: no response if active CL -cyclic ovulatory gilts: give oral progestin for 14-18 d. *estrus should occur 2-8 d. after last feeding *acyclic gilts: no response (creates irreversible cystic ovaries) *cyclic gilts: works to synchronize estrus |
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deyyaed return to estrus after weaning
a. definition b. possible ovarian statuses |
a. return to estrus more than 7 days post weaning
b. ovulatory anestrus (silent heat?), anovulatory anestrus (inactive ovaries), cystic ovarian dz |
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delayed return to estrus after weaning
a. major factors b. corrective procedures |
a. parity: most common in low parity sows
season: summer lactation length: ↑ w/ short (< 3 wk.) lactations boar exposure housing: individual vs. group environment: temperature extremes nutrition: negative energy & protein balance b. rigorous boar exposure: early morning in summer before it gets too hot optimize environment: temp < 80º F & use of evaporative cooling ↑ lactation feed intake: 5% supplemental fat, lysine PG-600 tx of all sows on day of weaning: short term? (expensive) |
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low farrowing rates
a. definition b. 3 causes c. non-infectious factors |
a. < 80%
b. high female turnover (culling), conception failure, pregnancy failure (often has infectious etiology) c. parity, season, environment, genetics, **breeding management** |
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low farrowing rates
a. dx b. corrective procedures |
a. records
evaluate breeding management: not easy other repro problems?: often indicates infectious dz b. improve estrus detection techniques & breeding program ↑ # of animals in group blame infectious agents |
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low conception (regular return to estrus) rates
a. definition b. factors c. corrective procedures |
a. 21. d. return to estrus after mating
b. parity: gilt & primiparous sows how lower conception rates season: lower during summer environment: high temps detrimental boar use: problems w/ over or under used boars poor heat detection & incorrect timing of mating housing: conception rates greatest in individually housed sows c. improve breeding procedures & timing of matings optimize boar exposure evaluate boar fertility: BSEs |
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autumn abortion syndrome
a. signs b. when occurs |
a. usually absence of clinical signs
abortion can occur at any time during gestation b. occurs in late summer – early fall usually follows extreme temp. fluctuations in 24 hr. period ~6-8% of sows abort in autumn marginal energy balance must R/O infectious agents |
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What is a not-in-pig sow?
What is pseudopregnancy? |
not-in-pig (NIP) sow: sow that was bred, fails to exhibit obvious return to estrus, diagnosed pregnant, yet fails to farrow pigs (extreme version of pseudopregnancy)
pseudopregnancy: sow that returns to estrus after ~50 d. of a presumed gestation |
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pseudopregnancy
a. more common during what time of year b. pathophysiology |
a. after summer matings: Nov. – Jan.
b. all embryos are resorbed: after maternal recognition of pregnancy (days 10-15), before fetal calcification (days 35-40) |
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pseudopregnancy
a. etiology b. corrective procedures |
a. infectious agents: porcine parvovirus, PRRS virus?, SIV?
other causes: heat stress at implantation, regrouping sows after breeding?, zearalenone toxicity b. good luck! slaughterhouse exam of repro tract to confirm dx feed analysis for mycotoxins assess animal flow for stressors PG injections: be careful! -induce luteolysis & return to estrus in pseudopregnant animals w/in 7 d. -if pregnant: will cause abortion |
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What are the uses of AI?
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genetic improvement, specifically for growth & carcass quality
savings in labor, boars, & facility costs to improve herd health or prevent introduction of new pathogens |
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What are common problems with AI?
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problems w/ semen quality: aged semen, inappropriate storage, endotoxin contaminated water or water w/ inappropriate osmolarity, dilution errors w/ extended, bacterial contamination of semen
poor insemination procedures: poor estrus detection, insemination late in estrus, semen handling, < 2.5 billion sperm/insemination, < 50 ml volume questionable post-insemination handling procedures: recently bred animals (5-15 d. post-mating) more susceptible to stress new problems w/ AI programs -PRRS can be transmitted in semen -health of boar critical: single boar may service ~ 25 farms! |
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What are the components of an AI program?
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boar management & semen collection
semen evaluation semen processing & packaging on-farm semen handling & insemination procedures |
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vulvar discharge
a. normal causes b. abnormal causes |
a. estrus, mating (seminal plug), post-farrowing, urine
b. endometritis/metritis, vaginitis, blood, cystitis/pyelonephritis, crystalluria, urolithiasis (triple phosphate) |
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post-breeding purulent discharge
a. when occurs b. cause c. tx |
a. 14-20 d. after mating
affected animals invariably return to estrus b. specific pathogen not identified sows bred late during estrus more susceptible c. none -let sow cycle on own to clear out uterus -if discharge occurs again: cull |
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UTIs
a. etiology/pathogenesis b. signs c. dx d. tx e. prevention |
a. includes cystitis & pyelonephritis: contribute to sow death
various bacterial agents: E. coli, Actinobacillus suis, etc. ascending infection risk factor: dec. water intake b. abnormal urination & straining, abnormal vulvar d/c, hematuria, inappetance & fever (terminal stage) c. U/A (normal USG < 1.010), check water delivery system d. must be rigorous provide unrestricted access to water broad spectrum ABs (ex. ampicillin) monitor body temp e. ↓ environmental exposure to bacteria by improving fecal drainage, optimize water delivery’ system |
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What is virgin gilt discharge & how common is it?
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~50% of gilts
dorsoventral band (embryologic remnant) broken down at time of AI --> discharge |
