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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is food security? |
Food security is availability of human populations to access food of sufficient quality and quantity |
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What do you breeders seek to do with crops? |
They seek to develop crops that have higher nutritional values, pests And disease resistance Crops that have physical characteristics that are suited to agriculture |
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What does the success of food production rely on? |
Reading higher yield cultivars Soil nutrients Disease Competition Pests |
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Competition; |
If resources are limited competition increases Not enough of a particular nutrients, food, sunlight or water would reduce growth |
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Pests; |
These can change crops by feeding on and using the crops energy or resources |
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Breeding higher yield cultivars; |
Breeding the plants/animals that have good traits in the crops that these might be passed on to offspring, perhaps large fruits or increased production |
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Soil nutrients; |
Fertilisers add nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to the soil to boost plant growth |
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Disease; |
Caused by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi Leads to damage and possible death of plant or animals |
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What is special about livestock production? |
Livestock production is often possible in habitats unsuitable for growing crops |
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How much energy is passed from one tropic level to another? |
10% Can be lost by heat movement Indigestion Metabolic processes |
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What are the two stages of photosynthesis?What is the feet of light when it hits believe |
Photolysis Light dependent stage Carbon fixation light independent stage |
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What is the fate of light when it hits a leaf? |
Reflected 12% Transmitted 5% Absorbed 83% |
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What does the absorption spectrum show? |
It shows the wavelengths of light absorbed by different pigments in a leaf |
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What does the action spectrum show? |
How affective the different wavelengths of light are at photosynthesis |
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What absorbs light energy? |
Photosynthetic pigment |
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Stage two of the Calvin cycle? |
The 3- phosphoglycerate is phosphorylated by ATP andCombined with hydrogen from the NADPH to form G3P glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
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Stage three of the Calvin cycle |
G3p is used to either regenerate RuBP Or can be used to synthesise sugars for example glucose |
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What happens to the Glucose formed During photosynthesis? |
Used as a respiratory substrate to gain energy Synthesised into starch for storage Synthesised into Celulose |
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First stage of photolysis; |
Electron in the pigment molecule becomes excited and primary electron acceptor passes electrons to electron transport chain |
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What is the process of the photolysis of water? |
It is the process by which water is split into oxygen and hydrogen |
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Where does the oxygen go |
Diffuses out of the leaf |
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What happens to the hydrogen? |
The hydrogen binds to the carrier protein N ADP to form NADPH |
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What two things are transferred to the Calvin cycle? |
NADPH and ATP |
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Where does the first stage of photosynthesis take place? |
It occurs in the thylakoids of the Granum |
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Where does the Calvin cycle/carbon fixation take place? |
It occurs in the stroma off the chloroplasts |
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What is the carbon fixation? |
A series of metabolic pathway is controlled by enzymes that reduce carbon dioxide by the addition of hydrogen to form carbohydrates |
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Stage one of the Calvin cycle; |
Carbon dioxide enters the cycle and becomes attached to RuBP By the enzyme RuBisCO to produce 3 phosphoglycerate |
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Why is selective breeding carried out? |
Selective breeding is done in order to produce new and improved breach of an animal stop that will provide a sustainable source of food for humans |
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What characteristics can selective breeding improve? |
Higher yield Higher nutritional value Resistant to pests Resistance to disease Possession of useful physical characteristics Ability to thrive in a particular environment |
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What three things must be taken into account when designing a field trial? |
1.your selection of treatments To.the number of replicates 3.the randomisation of the treatment |
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What is the structure of the grana? |
Consists of stacked membrane sacs called thylakoids |
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What is a thylakoids? |
The thylakoids contains chlorophyll and is the site of light reactions for photosynthesis |
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Where are the proteins used during the light reactions in the thylakoids? |
Embedded in the membranesOff the thylakoids |
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What protein controls the hydrogen ion concentration in the thylakoids space? |
ATP synthase |
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Why are the grana spread out throughout the chloroplasts? |
It insures a large surface area for photosynthetic pigments to absorb light |
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What does the stroma contain that is essential for the second stage? |
Important enzymes and starch grains |
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Why is selective breeding carried out? |
Selective breeding is done in order to produce a new and improved breed of animal stock that will provide a sustainable source of food for humans |
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Involves too closely related relatives reproducing |
Involves too closely related relatives reproducing |
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What is outbreeding? |
Involves the fusion of two gametes from unrelated members of the same species |
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What problems can inbreeding lead to? |
Loss of heterozygosity Inbreeding depression |
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What is the structure of the grana? |
Consists of stacked membrane sacs called thylakoids |
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What is an inbreeding depression? |
The accumulation of recessive delirious homozygous alleles Appears as a decline in vigour, size, fertility, yield of plant or animal |
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What is a thylakoids? |
The thylakoids contains chlorophyll and is the site of light reactions for photosynthesis |
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Where are the proteins used during the light reactions in the thylakoids? |
Embedded in the membranesOff the thylakoids |
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What protein controls the hydrogen ion concentration in the thylakoids space? |
ATP synthase |
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Why are the grana spread out throughout the chloroplasts? |
It insures a large surface area for photosynthetic pigments to absorb light |
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What does the stroma contain that is essential for the second stage? |
Important enzymes and starch grains |
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Why is selective breeding carried out? |
Selective breeding is done in order to produce a new and improved breed of animal stock that will provide a sustainable source of food for humans |
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Involves too closely related relatives reproducing |
Involves too closely related relatives reproducing |
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What is outbreeding? |
Involves the fusion of two gametes from unrelated members of the same species |
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What problems can inbreeding lead to? |
Loss of heterozygosity Inbreeding depression |
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How is a hybrid produced? |
By the crossing of two inbred lines creating a relatively uniform heterozygous crop |
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The FT generation will be to genetically diverse and many will like the improved characteristics |
The FT generation will be to genetically diverse and many will like the improved characteristics |
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What Genomic sequencing be used in Breeding? |
Genomic sleeping thing techniques can be used to identify organisms that possess desirable jeans for desired characteristics And use them in in breeding programs |
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What are monocultures an ideal environment for? |
Weeds, pests, and diseases |
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What do weeds compete for? |
For resources such as light water and soil nutrients |
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Annual weeds; |
Grows from a seed and flowers dispersed seeds within one year |
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Perennial weeds; |
Lives for more than two years genuinely dies back over winter and regenerate in the spring |
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Grows rapidly Produces flowers Produces faster number of seeds |
Grows rapidly Produces flowers Produces faster number of seeds |
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Chemical absorbed by the plant transported throughout the vascular system of the weed Transports around the vascular system |
Chemical absorbed by the plant transported throughout the vascular system of the weed Transports around the vascular system |
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What should pesticide be? |
Specific to pest, short lived in action and safe Not persist in environment Break down into simple non-harming chemicals |
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Bioaccumulation Biomagnification |
Bioaccumulation Biomagnification |
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Build up of chemicals within an organism |
Build up of chemicals within an organism |
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What is biomagnification? |
Increase in concentration of chemical as it moves between tropic levels |
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How do you resistant populations grow? |
They are the only ones who Survive and so pass on their alleles to the next generation |
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What is a biological control? |
Biological control is an environmentally sound and effective means of reducing pests by the deliberate intro of one of its natural enemies |
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What is the danger of using a biological control? |
It could attack native species Biodiversity in the area can change dramatically Research must be done prior to introduction |
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Integrated pest management Combines chemical, biological and cultural control |
Integrated pest management Combines chemical, biological and cultural control |
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Use of chemicals in IPM should; |
Be used in frequently The chemicals of low persistence Reduce pest species Not disrupt biological control |
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Are already established in the habitat Storage organs for the previous year to provide food Reproduce asexually |
Are already established in the habitat Storage organs for the previous year to provide food Reproduce asexually |
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Animal welfare refers to both physical and mental well-being of animals |
Animal welfare refers to both physical and mental well-being of animals |
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Freedom from hunger and thirst Freedom from discomfort From pain injury or disease Express normal behaviour From fear and distress |
Freedom from hunger and thirst Freedom from discomfort From pain injury or disease Express normal behaviour From fear and distress |
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Maintenance costs kept low Higher profit Less ethical |
Maintenance costs kept low Higher profit Less ethical |
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Free range farming; |
Animals have better quality of life Produce has higher economic price Mooreland and labour required |
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Stressed animal show what? |
Slower rate of growth and stressed pregnant animals produce offspring with poor growth rate |
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What are the behaviour indicators of poor welfare? |
Stereotype Misdirected behaviour Failure in sexual and parental behaviour Altered levels of activity |
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What is stereotypic behaviour? |
Repetition, invariant behaviour patterns with no goal or function |
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Enriching the animals environment |
Enriching the animals environment |
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What is misdirected behaviour? |
When a normal behaviour is directed at the animal itself, its environment or others |
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Example of misdirected behaviour; |
Birds over plucking feathers or gnawing on objects |
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Most of the pairs of cropped pants are invertebrate animals such as; |
Molluscs Insects Nematode worms |
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Enriching the animals environment Providing animals with companions |
Enriching the animals environment Providing animals with companions |
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How can you avoid sexual failure? |
Allowing the animal to socially develop with its species from an early age |
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What are plant diseases caused by? |
Fungi Bacteria Viruses Often carried by invertebrates |
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Traditional, non-chemical farming techniques They tend to prevent rather than treat |
Traditional, non-chemical farming techniques They tend to prevent rather than treat |
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Cultural methods to control weeds; |
Ploughing Critical time for removal of weeds Time for sewing Cover crop |
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Removal of alternative post Crop rotation |
Removal of alternative post Crop rotation |
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Cultural methods to control diseases; |
Destruction of crop residue |
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What are the three types of pesticides that we know? |
Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides |
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A chemical designed to affect only one specific test, weed or disease |
A chemical designed to affect only one specific test, weed or disease |
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Grows rapidly Produces flowers Produces faster number of seeds |
Grows rapidly Produces flowers Produces faster number of seeds |
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Chemical absorbed by the plant transported throughout the vascular system of the weed Transports around the vascular system |
Chemical absorbed by the plant transported throughout the vascular system of the weed Transports around the vascular system |
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What should pesticide be? |
Specific to pest, short lived in action and safe Not persist in environment Break down into simple non-harming chemicals |
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What are the processes of accumulation along food chains called? |
Bioaccumulation Biomagnification |
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Bioaccumulation; |
Build up of chemicals within an organism |
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What is biomagnification? |
Increase in concentration of chemical as it moves between tropic levels |
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How do you resistant populations grow? |
They are the only ones who Survive and so pass on their alleles to the next generation (Natural Selection) |
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What is a biological control? |
Biological control is an environmentally sound and effective means of reducing pests by the deliberate intro of one of its natural enemies |
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What is the danger of using a biological control? |
Can escape into an environment free from its predators then its numbers can increase rapidly and threaten indigenous species |
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What does IPM stand for |
Integrated pest management Combines chemical, biological and cultural control |
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Use of chemicals in IPM should; |
Be used in frequently The chemicals of low persistence Reduce pest species Not disrupt biological control |
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Perennial Weeds; |
Are already established in the habitat Storage organs for the previous year to provide food Reproduce asexually |
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What is animal welfare? |
Animal welfare refers to both physical and mental well-being of animals |
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What are the 5 freedoms of animal welfare? |
Freedom from hunger and thirst Freedom from discomfort From pain injury or disease Express normal behaviour From fear and distress |
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Intensive animal farming consists of? |
Maintenance costs kept low Higher profit Less ethical |
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Free range farming; |
Animals have better quality of life Produce has higher economic price Mooreland and labour required |
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Stressed animal show what? |
Slower rate of growth and stressed pregnant animals produce offspring with poor growth rate |
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What are the behaviour indicators of poor welfare? |
Stereotype Misdirected behaviour Failure in sexual and parental behaviour Altered levels of activity |
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What is stereotypic behaviour? |
Repetition, invariant behaviour patterns with no goal or function |
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How is stereotypic behaviour avoided? |
Enriching the animals environment |
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What is misdirected behaviour? |
When a normal behaviour is directed at the animal itself, its environment or others |
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Example of misdirected behaviour; |
Self Mutilation; Over-plucking feathers Damage to others; tail biting in pigs Surroundings; Chewing Bars |
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Most of the pairs of cropped pants are invertebrate animals such as; |
Molluscs Insects Nematode worms |
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How do you avoid misdirected behaviour? |
Enriching the animals environment Providing animals with companions |
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How can you avoid sexual failure? |
Allowing the animal to socially develop with its species from an early age |
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What are plant diseases caused by? |
Fungi Bacteria Viruses Often carried by invertebrates |
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What is a cultural method of control? |
Traditional, non-chemical farming techniques They tend to prevent rather than treat |
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Cultural methods to control weeds; |
Ploughing Critical time for removal of weeds Time for sewing Cover crop |
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Cultural methods to control pests; |
Removal of alternative post Crop rotation |
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Cultural methods to control diseases; |
Destruction of crop residue |
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What are the three types of pesticides that we know? |
Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides |
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What is selective herbicide? |
A chemical designed to affect only one specific test, weed or disease |
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What is a systemic herbicide? |
A chemical absorbed by the plant, transported throughout the vascular system of the plant (weed) |
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what is more effective rather than treating a crop? |
Protective applications of fungicide based on disease forecast ae more effective. |
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What should an ideal pesticide be? |
Specific to the pest Short-lived safe for animal and human consumption |
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What are some problems associated with pesticides? |
Toxicity to animals Persistence Accumulation in food chains Resistance in pest populations |
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What are some examples of biological control? |
Predators Parasites Pathogens |
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What are examples of altered levels of activity is animal welfare indicators? |
High levels of activity; hyper-aggressive stamping Low activity levels; Excessive sleeping |
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What is symbiosis? |
Symbiosis is an ecological relationship between the organism of two different species that live in contact with one another. These intimate relationships have coevolved alongside each other for millions of years |
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What are the two types of symbiosis? |
Parasitism and Mutualism |
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What is parasitism? |
one organism benefits at the expense of the other organism, which is often damaged. This is a dependant relationship. |
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Parasite's Metabolism; |
Parasites often have limited metabolism and cannot survive outside the host's body. |
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What is a mutualist relationship? |
Both organisms benefit from the relationship. This is an independent relationship. |
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How can transmission occur? |
Direct contact Release of resistant stages Use of Vector |
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What does a secondary host result in? |
Some vectors having a double aspect of parasitism. They affect more then one |
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A good example of mutualism; |
Pollination |
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What is special about cellulose digestion? |
Many herbivores have special cellulose digesting micro-organisms |
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What are the advantages of living in a social group? |
Protection Easier to find a mate Easier to catch food Have help to raise young |
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What is a social hierarchy? |
A system where members of social groups are organised into ranking order. Established by fighting o a display |
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Advantages of working in a social hierarchy; |
Aggression is ritualised, violence kept to a minimum Energy is conserved Experienced leadership most powerful pass on their genes |
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What is cooperative hunting? |
When animals within a social group work together to catch and share food. |
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What are the advantages of cooperative hunting? |
Increases hunting success Catch larger prey Less energy expended subordinate individuals benefit by gaining more than they would alone. |
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What is Altruism? |
Altruistic behaviour is unselfish behaviour which is detrimental to the donor and beneficial to the recipient. |
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What is the kin selection? |
Altruism between a donor and recipient if they are related |
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What is reciprocal altruism? |
A behaviour whereby one animal gives help to another animal in the prospect of the favour being returned in the future |
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Example of reciprocal altruism? |
Social grooming to remove parasites in apes |
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What are social insect societies an example of? |
Extreme altruism based on kin selection |
