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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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an obligation to rectify or recompense any injury or damage for which the liable person has been held responsible
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Liability
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growing concept that a manufacturer of a product is liable for injuries due to defects without a necessity for plantiff to show negligence or fault
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Strict liability
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failure to exercise a reasonable amount of care or to carry out a legal duty so that injury or property damage occurs to another
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Negligence
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when an injured person's care for his own safety was less than reasonable for a prudent man under existing conditions, he is considered negligent and the defendant will not be held liable
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Contributory negligence
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a person who is aware of a danger and its extent, knowingly exposes himself, assumes all risks and cannot recover damages even though he is injured through no fault of his own
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Assumption of risk
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any person who conducts an operation tht involves abnormal risk to others is strictly liable for injury or damage that results, even if these operations were conducted with care
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Ultrahazardous operations
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a man may be held liable for actions that result in injury or damage only when he was able to forsee dangers and risk that cuold be reasonbly anticipated
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Foreseeability reasonable care
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that degree of care less than that which a prudent man would exercise
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Slight care
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every person has the legal duty to exercise due care for the safety of others and avoid injury to others if possible
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Exercise of due care
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a master is liable for any negligence of his servant acting within the scope of his employment
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Master servant relationship applied to a guest
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conduct involving failure to use even slight care, a complete lack of regard for the safety of others, or intentional failure to perform a required and apparent duty regardless of the severity of the consequences of his act
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Gross negligence
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outrageous and reckless disregard for other's rights or well-being and of possible consequences. Indicates not only a complete lack of care such as could be considered gross negligence, but an intention to exercise no care at all
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Wilful or reckless conduct
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compensation to an injured person for the loss he has suffered and may continue to suffer
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Damages, compensatory
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awards made in some states to compensate an injured party for intentional, malicious, or outrageous misconduct by the defendant, usually made so that the latter will not repeat the offense
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Damages, punitive
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it is the duty of an owner or user of land to keep his premises in a condition that is reasonably safe for those lawfully there
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Safe premises
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an owner, lessor, ot other party responsible for premises must anticipate to foresee all possible risks to which the public might be subjected during their use, to maintain them in a safe condition, and to provide warnings of any unsafe or unusual condition
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Foreseeability applied to premises
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any foreseeable act that places a rescuer in the same danger as an injured person the rescuer is attempting to aid is considered negligence by the person who committed the initial act
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Foreseeability applied to rescue
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a wrongful act or failure to exercise due care for which civil legal action may result
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Tort
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at one time none of these workers were covered; now 38 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands have some laws that provide at least some coverage. Fifteen more permit voluntary coverage by employers.
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Agricultural workers
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In general, this is occasioal, incidental, and not considered employment occuring at regular intervals. It has sometimes been defined by the number of days labor, or not in the course of the employers business.
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Casual employment
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Some states indicate that the workers compensation laws cover only employment listed as "hazardous" or "extra hazardous", however, the lists have broadened in many of these states, so many occupations not ordinarily considered especially hazardous are now included
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Hazardous employment
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Persons whose work is irregular, for short term periods, or temporarily outside the scope the regular activities of the employer are covered in only 10 states and under the Longshoreman's and harbor compensation acts
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Employess of charitable or religious orginazations
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most of these employees workers are not covered by state workers compensation laws, railroad workers in interstate commerce and maritime workers are covered by the Federal Employers Liability Act. This is not a workers compensation law but denies the employer the right to plead any common law defenses in any negligence action an employee may institute because of an injury
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Railroad and maritime workers
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Independent contractor are not covered by the insurance of any one for whom they are performing services. An indepent contractor is one who agrees to do a specific piece of work in accordance with his own capabilities and for which he will be paid an agreed reimbursement. The contractor will do the work without being subjected to another's orders. If the contractor is not truly independent, and the party for whom the services are being provided actually does direct the work, the contractor may not be independent, but an employee
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Contractors and subcontrators
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the economic quantification of safety and of actual or potential accident losses, and which generally include outlays required to produce safer equipment or operations
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Costs
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judgements between economic cost evaluations of two or more alternatives, such as whether an accident preventive measures should be taken or which of several preventive measures should be chosen
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Risk
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indicates the excess between how much an employer might be liable and how much might be gained or lost if no action or a different action is taken. For both workers and employers, the lessened amounts in accidents, injuries, deaths, or other considerations, due to reductions in mishaps, and savings in injuries, deaths, and monetary losses
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Benefits
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condition with the potential of causing injury to personnel, damage to equipment or stuctures, loss material, or lessening of the ability to perform a prescribed functiun. When a hazard is present, the possibility exist of these adverse effect occurring
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Hazard
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expresses a relative exposure to a hazard. A hazard may be present, but there may be little danger because of the precautions taken.
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Danger
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severity of injury of the physical, functional, or monetary loss that could result if control of a hazard is lost…ie The hazard and danger of an accident can be the same. The difference would be in the severity of the damage. (10 ft fall vs 300 ft fall)
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Damage
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frequently define as "freedom from hazards" However, it is practically impossible to completely eliminate all hazards. Safety is therefore a matter of relative protection from exposure to hazards; the antonym of danger
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Safety
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expression of possible loss over a specific period of time or number of operational cycles. It may be indicated by the probability of an accident time the damage in dollars, lives, or operating cost
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Risk
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are one of the most commonly used safety devices, especially with electrically operated equipment. Some interlocks themselves prevent action or motion; other send signals to other devices which prevent initiating the source of the action or motion
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Interlocks
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actions must be performed in the proper sequence or operation is inhibited
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Sequential controls
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operation of the equipment can take place only after a specific length of time has passed
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Timer and tme delays
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interruption or presence of light on a photoelectric cell generates a signal which can stop or initiate action
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Photoelectric devices
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mercury provides the path between two metal contacts through which current passes the path can be broken by tilting the switch in which the mercury and the contacts are sealed so that the mercury flows away from one contact and breaks the path for the current.
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Mercury switches
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action releases a mechanical block or triggering device which either permits or stops motion
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Tripping devices
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inserting and turning a key in a mechanical lock permits action
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Key Interlock
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motion of the mechanism being guarded against prevents a guard or other access from being opened
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Motion interlock
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presence of a magnetic material stops or initiates operation of the equipment
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Magnetic or electromagnetic sensing
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senses the presence of nonporous materials
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Ultrasonics
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in the United States, one cubic foot of water weighs 62.4 pounds, which works out to be 4.33 psi
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Standard water pressure
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is the measure of pressure less than that of the standard atmosphere
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Vavuum
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the expansive energy contained in a fluid
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Stored pressure energy
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a device to increase the pressure of a fluid. A blower does the same for gas
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Pump
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a device to maintain a constant pressure of flow rate from a source whose pressure must be limited and which might be changed
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Pressure regulator
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14.7 psi
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Standard atmospheric pressure
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is measured from the point at which no particles of any fluid exist to create a pressure. Absolute pressure is that of the atmospheric pressure plus that indicated on gage
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Absolute pressure
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is shown on a meter
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Gage pressure
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is pressure when a fluid is quiescnet and the force it exerts is only that due to the gravitational weight of the liquid. Dynamic pressure is pressure exerted due to kinectic force movement of a fluid.
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Static pressure
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a device which permits discharge of fluid from a system if it exceeds a set value
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Pressure relief valve
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a thin membrane which prevents flow in a fluid system until the membrane breaks because its designed rating is exceeded, permitting discharge of the fluid
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Rupture disc
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the amount a cylinder lacks being full, usually the amount of gas left to prevent any excessive increase because of a temperature rise
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Ullage
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sudden and violent release of large amounts of gas. Damage may result from the rupture and fragmentaion of a container, a shock wave, heat or fire, or release of taxic gas.
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Explosion
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consist of a rapid reaction during which heat is transferred progressively from a reacting material to another nearby whose temperature is then raised to a point at which it, too, reacts. The rate at which deflagration take place is high but less than the speed of sound. Large amounts of hot gas are produced, but unless they are confined, no shock wave will be generated. If the gasses are confined, the resultant pressure due to the hot, expanding gases may cause a sudden rupture of the container.
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Deflagration
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if the velocity of reaction through the reacting material reaches sonic or supersonic speed, the explosion is a detonation. A shock wave will occure even where there is no container. Some dotonation velocities are: hydrogen-oxygen, 9200 fps; TNT, 22,880 fps, nitroglycerin, 26,200 fps
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Detonation
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mining regulations stipulate that explosives used must not be capable of igniting methane, thus limiting the temperatures of the explosion products. Explosives that meet the requirement are permissibles
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Permissible explosive
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weight of trinitrotoluene (TNT) which will produce the same effect as that generated by the explosion of another material. The common measure used for the comparison is the peak overpressure (maximum instantaneous pressure produced in a shock wave). Nitroglycerin has a TNT equivalency of 1.42, ammonium nitrate, .57
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TNT equivalence
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a deflagration is generally a combustion reaction in which a fuel combines with an oxidizer. In some instances, as with black powder, there is also a dissociation reaction first. With black powder, which in its elementary form consist of carbon, sulfur, and sodium nitrate decomposes to provide the oxidizer necessary for dissociations in which a complex molecule breaks down into simpler molecules, principally gases that expand rapidly because of the large amounts of heat generated
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Explosive reactions
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