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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 Different Planes of Brain Sections:
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-Axial: cross-section slice
-Coronal: vertical slice from ear to ear -Sagittal: vertical slice from nose to back of head |
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Forward terms
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-Anterior
-Rostral -Ventral |
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Backward terms
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-Posterior
-Dorsal -Caudal |
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4 Major subdivisions of the NERVOUS SYSTEM:
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-Ventricular system
-Brain -Spinal cord -Vasculature |
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3 Brain Subdivisions
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-Cerebrum
-Cerebellum -Brain stem |
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3 Cerebral Subdivisions
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-Cortex
-Basal ganglia -Diencephalon |
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3 Types of Cerebral cortex:
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1. Neocortex
2. Paleocortex 3. Archicortex |
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Features of Neocortex
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-6 histological layers
-Major contributor of Cortex |
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2 Important things in the Paleocortex:
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-Uncus
-Parahippocampal gyrus |
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2 Important things in the Archicortex:
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-Hippocampus
-Dentate Gyrus |
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Histological feature of archicortex
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3 layers
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5 Divisions of the Cerebral cortex:
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-Frontal lobe
-Parietal lobe -Occipital lobe -Temporal lobe -Limbic cortex |
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Function of frontal lobe:
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Higher cognitive function
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Lateral ventricles are connected to what: Via?
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Third ventricle
Via the Interventricular foramen of monroe |
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What tissue is associated with the lateral ventricles?
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Choroid plexus - produces CSF
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Choroid plexus returns to the blood supply via:
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Arachnoid granules
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Third ventricle connects with Fourth via what?
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Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius
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How many holes in the 4th ventricle? What are their names?
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2 Lateral foramina of Lushka
1 Median Forament of Magendie |
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What is th central canal?
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The portion of the SC filled with CSF.
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What is the archicortex involved in?
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Memory and navigation
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What are the divisions of the Cerebral Cortex again?
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-Frontal lobe
-Parietal lobe -Temporal lobe -Occipital lobe -Limbit cortex |
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What is the functioning of the frontal lobe like?
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The highest level in the nervous system - where cognition and personality are located.
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Where is the frontal lobe seen?
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Everything anterior to the central sulcus.
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What are the important features in the frontal lobe?
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1. Central sulcus
2. Precentral gyrus 3. Precentral sulcus |
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What does the Precentral gyrus do?
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Primary Motor Cortex - voluntary muscle control
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What 3 important gyri are in front of the precentral sulcus?
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1. Superior frontal gyrus
2. Middle frontal gyrus 3. Inferior frontal gyrus |
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The inferior frontal gyrus consists of what 3 parts:
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-Pars Triangularis
-Pars Orbitalis -Pars Opercularis |
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What are the Orbital gyri?
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The very frontmost parts of the frontal cortex
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Where is Gyrus Rectus?
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Most medially on the underside of the frontal cortex - lying lengthwise between the 2 olfactory tracts.
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Where is the Parietal lobe found?
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Everything Posterior to the Central Sulcus
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What type of functioning is the Parietal lobe involved in?
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-Spatial information
-Attentional control -Polymodal integration of vision, hearing, and touch. |
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What would happen if the Parietal lobe got damaged?
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Unawareness of the parts of the body.
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What is the Postcentral gyrus responsible for?
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Primary somatosensory cortex - it is touch sensation.
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What are the divisions of the parietal lobe?
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-Superior parietal lobe
-Inferior parietal lobe -Paracentral lobule -Precuneus -Parieto-occipital sulcus |
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What is the Superior parietal lobe responsible for?
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Space perception
Attention control |
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What are the gyri that compose the inferior parietal lobe?
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-Supramarginal gyrus
-Angular gyrus |
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What does the "Angular" gyrus angle around?
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The Superior temporal sulcus
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What does the Supramarginal gyrus "marginate"?
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The dorsal tip of the lateral sulcus.
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What is the Paracentral lobule, and where is it found?
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IT is the transition zone between parietal cortex and frontal cortex; surrounds the end of the central sulcus, and can only be seen medially.
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What is the Precuneus?
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A lobe located between the paracentral lobule and the cuneus; Anterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus.
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What does the Parietal-occipital sulcus separate?
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The parietal and occipital lobes.
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What marks the line where the temporal lobe begins?
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Everything below the Lateral sulcus.
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What are the 3 major components of the Temporal lobe?
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Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus |
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Where is the Insula, and what is its function?
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Lying within the Sylvian (lateral) sulcus; the Primary Auditory Cortex
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What important gyrus is in the Insula?
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The Transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl
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Transverse Temporal Gyrus
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Primary receptive area for Audition and Spoken Language comprehension.
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Brodmann areas for audition:
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41 and 42
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Plantum temporale
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Language processing
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Hippocampus
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Spatial memory
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Gyrus close to Hippocampus
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Parahippocampal gyrus
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Most medial structure of temporal lobe:
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Uncus - it makes a little cap on the amygdala
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Uncus
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Memory
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Amygdala
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Emotion and motivation - part of the limbic system.
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Occipital lobe functions:
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Vision
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5 Important structures in occipital lobe:
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1. Parietooccipital sulcus
2. Calcarine sulcus 3. Cuneus 4. Lingual gyrus 5. Calcarine cortex |
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What does the calcarine sulcus separate?
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Cuneus gyrus aboe
Lingual gyrus below |
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Calcarine cortex function:
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Primary visual cortex
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Limbic cortex functions
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Emotion
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What is the gyrus in the Limbic Cortex?
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Cingulate gyrus
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What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?
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Conscious initiation of Voluntary Movement
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3 Components of the Basal ganglia:
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1. Caudate nucleus
2. Lentiform nucleus 3. Nucleus accumbens |
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What is the caudate nucleus?
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Rams-horn shaped structures that run with the ventricular system.
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Where do the tails of the Caudate nucleus end near?
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The amygdala
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2 Components of the Lentiform nucleus:
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-Putamen
-Globus Pallius |
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What two structures are connected via the Nucleus Accumbens?
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The medial side of the Caudate Nucleus to the Globus Pallidus
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What does the Diencephalon function to do?
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It is the mid brain - a RELAY center for receiving sensory information from the periphery and relaying it to the cortex.
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Where is the Diencephalon located?
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Surrounding the 3rd ventricle
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4 Components of the Diencephalon:
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-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus -Epithalamus -Subthalamus |
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What is the Thalamus?
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The major gateway to the motor cortex.
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What does the Thalamus consist of?
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A group of gray matter nuclei
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Function of the Hypothalamus
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Secretion of hormones, control of many autonomic and endocrine systems.
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What is the hypothalamus connected to?
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The pituitary gland via the Infundibulum
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What does the Epithalamus contain?
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-Pineal gland
Posterior commisure -Habenular nuclei |
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What is the Subthalamus and where is it found?
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A small set of Subthalamic nuclei, located underneath the Epithalamus.
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What are the major functions of the cerebellum?
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Motor coordination
Motor learning |
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4 major features of the Cerebellum:
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-Cerebellar hemispheres
-Vermis -Flocculus -Cerebellar tonsil |
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What functions is the Brain Stem involved in?
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Involuntary
Homeostasis |
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What are the 3 components of the Brain Stem?
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1. Mid-brain
2. Pons 3. Medulla Oblongata |
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3 Important components of the Midbrain:
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1. Tegmentum
2. Tectum 3. Cerebral aqueduct |
