Study Guide – Final Exam Ssci 165

Front 1

Land-Bridge

Back 1

A narrow isthmian link between two large landmasses. They are temporary features, at least when measured in geologic time, subject to appearance and disappearance as the land or sea level rises or falls.

Front 2

Ciudades Perdidas

Back 2

more than 500 slums outside of D.F. (Mexico)

Front 3

Maquiladoras

Back 3

factories that assemble imported, duty-free components & raw materials into finished industrial products.

Front 4

Panama Canal

Back 4

France tried to build it in 1880s, failed, in 1903 the U.S. propsed it, Colombia refused. People of panama rebelled and gained independence. The canal was build soon after (1914) but controlled by the U.S. Until 1999.

Front 5

The Dirty War

Back 5

aka “Guerra Sucio”, the regime that took over Argentina in 1976 after Peron’s wife was ousted. Militaristic regime, dissidents were kidnapped, tortured, murdered, and their children sold. Falkland Island wars ended the dirty war.

Front 6

Domingo Sarmiento

Back 6

Argentine activist, seventh president of Argentina.

Front 7

Pope Alexander VI

Back 7

Created 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas; drew division at 46 W. Longitude in south America.

Front 8

FARC (Rev. Armed Forcesof Colombia)

Back 8

Most powerful insurgent group. In 1999, they convinced government to demilitarize area south of Bogota and leaving them in power .

Front 9

Perforated

Back 9

Completely surround the territory of other states, so that they have a hole in them. South Africa is an example.

Front 10

Treaty of Tordesillas

Back 10

pope Alexander VI drew division of South America at 46 W. Longitude. Allocated west to Spain and east to Portugal.

Front 11

Apartheid

Back 11

The Afrikaans term for South Africa’s pre 1994 policies of racial separation, a system that produced highly segregated socio-geographical patterns.

Front 12

The Aztecs

Back 12

14th century; founded Tenochtitlan, which is now present day Mexico City. Greatest and richest city in the Americas at the time.Very urban, internal specialization, skilled laborers, complex irrigation systems. Cortes was seen as a god from a prophesy to them, so they did as he said, making them easy to conquer.

Front 13

The Incas

Back 13

headquartered in Cuzco Basin of Peruvian Andes. Forged greatest ancient empire on continent. Empire stretched from Colombia to Central Chile, fully functioning state regardless of harsh terrain. Francisco Pizarro defeated Incas in 1533. Incan life still maintained in Peru, Ecuador,and Bolivia.

Front 14

Hernán Cortés

Back 14

Spanish conquistador, conquered the Aztecs

Front 15

Simón Bolívar

Back 15

Venezuelan military and political leader who established Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia as sovereign states.

Front 16

The Tonton Macoutes

Back 16

quasi military group lead by Duvalier who brutally suppressed dissidents and killed tens of thousands of Haitians.

Front 17

Juan, Eva, & Isabel Perón

Back 17

1943 – Juan Peron lead military coup of Argentina, focused on helping working class. His wife Evita was a powerful figure but died of cancer in 1950 as Argentina’s economy began to suffer. He was ousted soon after but returned in 1973 and was re elected with his new wife Isabel as his Vice President. He died in 1974 and she became president, she was ousted in 1976.

Front 18

Augusto Pinochet

Back 18

overthrew Chilean govt in 1973. Most of the government was murdered. Reign of terror, dissolved congress, banned other political parties, murdered/tortured over 85,000 citizens. Had amnesty but arrested in the UK, died under house arrest in Chile in 2006.

Front 19

Muammar Qaddafi

Back 19

dictator in Libya. He banned all alcohol,nationalized banks & banned foreign languages, set embargoes against Israel, wrote “green book” explaining flaws of democracy, supplied rebel muslims with weapons, created “great man-made river”.

Front 20

Huophouet Boigny

Back 20

First president of the Ivory Coast. After his death the country deteriorated: recession and coups d’etat.

Front 21

Mathieu Kerekou

Back 21

Military leader in Benin (1972), ruthless anti-white sentiment, mass killings and riots. He publicly renounced Marxism and said he was a new man in 1990. Re-elected in 1996, restored peace, stability, and economic growth.

Front 22

Charles Taylor

Back 22

1997 elected leader of Liberia, began reign of terror, ended only when he was forced into exile in 2003.

Front 23

Paul Biya

Back 23

President of Cameroon since 1982. Kept close relationship with France. He didn’t allow other politcal parties in the election until the early 90s. Still got re elected, foul play possible.

Front 24

Jean-Bedel Bokassa

Back 24

2nd President of Central African Republic

Front 25

Michele Bachelet

Back 25

First female president of Chile.

Front 26

Francisco Macias Nguema

Back 26

First president of Equatorial Guinea. Named himself president for life in 1972, and banned private education. Executed entire villages, brutal regime. He was overthrown in 1979.

Front 27

“Ninjas” & “Cobras”

Back 27

warring militia groups during the Republic of the Congo Civil War.

Front 28

“Tutsi’s” & “Hutu’s“

Back 28

Two cultural groups within Rwanda, Tutsi’s had higher social status (left in charge during apartheid) and oppressed the Hutus, after apartheid ended, Hutus sought revenge. A genocide ensued.

Front 29

Idi Amin

Back 29

3rd president of Uganda. Human rights abuses, political repression, ethnic persecution, extra judicial killings, nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement.

Front 30

Daniel Moi

Back 30

2nd president of Kenya (1978-2002). Following in the footsteps of the first president.

Front 31

Bakili Muluzi

Back 31

2nd president of Malawi (1994-2004).First freely elected president of Malawi. Sold a large reserve of Maize just before the onset of a drought, causing starvation and not knowing where the millions of dollars made from this sale had gone.

Front 32

Robert Mugabe

Back 32

Current president of Zimbabwe. Wanted to create North Korean trained security force to deal with dissidents.

Front 33

Nelson Mandela

Back 33

First elected president of South Africa. Imprisoned for 27 and a half years.

Front 34

“Las Madres”

Back 34

Mothers of children who dissappeared as a result of the “dirty war” in Argentina.

Front 35

Why were the Aztecs so great? And why were they conquered so easily?

Back 35

Very rich cities, very urban, internal specialization, skilled laborers, complex irrigation system. They were conquered because they thought Cortes was a God and they did as he said, making it easy for him to conquer them.

Front 36

Where was the Aztec capital? Where was the Incancapital?

Back 36

Tenochtitlan (present day Mexico City). Cusco.

Front 37

Where is the most densely populated area of the Americas?

Back 37

Caribbean Basin.

Front 38

Why is Cuba’s huge economic potential being wasted?

Back 38

Huge resource base, great tourism industry, but communistregime prevents economic reform.

Front 39

What exactly is the relationship between Puerto Rico & the US? Are the Puerto Ricans happy?

Back 39

US territory, all Puerto Ricans are US citizens. Rejected independence and statehood in vote. 50% below poverty line.

Front 40

What 2 sections are the Caribbean islands split into? Name the Southernmost islands.

Back 40

Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles. Trinidad and Tobago are the Southernmost islands.

Front 41

How large is Mexico compared to the rest of Middle America? How large is Mexico City?

Back 41

Largest country in Middle America.

Front 42

Why is the demographic situation in Belize so fascinating?

Back 42

In the 1990s there was a mass emigration of Africans and a mass immigration of Spanish speakers.

Front 43

What natural disaster (worst in W. Hem. history) devastated Honduras and Nicaragua in 1998?

Back 43

Hurricane Mitch

Front 44

What country (known as the Switz. of L. Amer.) has the oldest democracy in Latin America?

Back 44

Costa Rica

Front 45

What country tried unsuccessfully to construct a Panama Canal in the 1880’s ?

Back 45

France

Front 46

What did the “Treaty of Tordesillas” do? And under whose orders?

Back 46

Divided South America along the 46 W. Longitude and allocated the west to Spain and East to Portugal under orders of the Pope.

Front 47

What radical move did the Portuguese gov’t do to stop Brazil from winning independence?

Back 47

They moved the capital of Brazil.

Front 48

What country is to blame for the Trans-Andean pipeline oil spill?

Back 48

Ecuador

Front 49

What country has the lowest GNP in all of South America?

Back 49

Guyana

Front 50

Name the only 2 landlocked countries in Latin America.

Back 50

Bolivia, Paraguay

Front 51

What law did Pinochet create to protect himself if he were to be arrested for war crimes?

Back 51

The Amnesty Law of 1978

Front 52

How did Argentina and Domingo Sarmiento react towards European immigration?

Back 52

They tried to imitate it.

Front 53

Who was the first female President in the Western Hemisphere?

Back 53

Isabel Peron

Front 54

Why is the US uneasy with Hugo Chavez, and Evo Morales?

Back 54

Socialist politics, support for recreational coca use.

Front 55

What did former President Carlos Menem do that enraged the families of “Dirty War” victims?

Back 55

He pardoned those responsible for the Dirty War

Front 56

What one resource are most North African economies based on?

Back 56

Oil

Front 57

Why was the “Aswan High Dam” a success?

Back 57

It created the largest man made lake in the world.

Front 58

What is the “Muslim Front” and why is it called that?

Back 58

It is the African transition zone, it represents a transition zone from countries that are majority Muslim to not majority Muslim.

Front 59

Which, in Africa, were the former French, British, and Portuguese colonies?

Back 59

French: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Senegal, Mauritania, Burkina-Faso, Mali, Niger, Chad, Djibouti, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin

British: South Africa, Zambia, Malawi, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria

Portuguese: Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau

Front 60

Which, in Africa, were first German colonies and then passed on after WWI?

Back 60

Namibia

Front 61

Which countries in Africa that HAVE ECONOMICPOTENTIAL (not just marginal)

Back 61

Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, Mali, Burkina-Faso, Senegal, Ghana, Benin, Ivory Coast, Guinea-Bissau, Togo, Nigeria

Front 62

Which countries in Africa are landlocked (Southern Africa has 6!!)

Back 62

Niger, Chad, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho

Front 63

What was the former name of “The Congo?” What caused the name change?

Back 63

Zaire. The name was changed to Zaire during Mobutu’s rule over the country, when he lost power, the name was changed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Front 64

Which 3 countries were most affected by the fighting of the Tutsi’s and Hutu’s?

Back 64

Uganda, Rwanda, The Congo

Front 65

The US embassy in which 2 major cities were bombed in 1998?

Back 65

Nairobi and Dar es Salaam

Front 66

Why do the countries in Southern Africa have so much more economic potential?

Back 66

Richest region materially with lots of agricultural diversity and tons of mineral reserves.

Front 67

Which country was actually a South African colony after WWI?

Back 67

Namibia

Front 68

Which country is reaping the benefits of their successful “ORAPA” project?

Back 68

Botswana

Front 69

What 4 racial categories was every newborn infant put into under Apartheid?

Back 69

Black, white, colored, or Asian