Study For Microbiology Test 2

Front 1

occurs when the end-product of a metabolicpathway inhibits an enzyme’s activity near the start of the pathway.

Back 1

feedback inhibition

Front 2

A series of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions called_______________ store energy in and release energy from organic molecules.

Back 2

metabolic pathways

Front 3

The pentose phosphate pathway is used to oxidize five-carbonsugars; one ATP and 12 NADPH molecules are produced from oneglucose molecule

.- The Entner-Doudoroff pathway yields one ATP and two NADPHmolecules from oxidation of one glucose molecule.

Back 3

alternatives to glycolysis

Front 4

in glycolysis this is produced

Back 4

six molecules of NADH, two molecules of FADH2, and two molecules of ATP.

Front 5

polysaccharide biosynthesis

Back 5

- Glycogen is formed from ADPG.- UDPNAc is the starting material for the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan.

Front 6

fermentation vs anaerobic respiration

Back 6

f= endogenous electron acceptor

r= exogenous electron acceptor, makes more energy, exclusively prokaryotes and archaea

Front 7

pyruvic acid

Back 7

c3h6o3

-give off 6CO2 6H2O

Front 8

amino acid into krebs cycle

Back 8

- carboxylae ( remove carbon)- deaminase (removal of amine group)- desulfurase (remove sulfure)

Front 9

ethanol produced by

Back 9

yeasts through fermentation

Front 10

biodiesel produced by

Back 10

algae through respiration

Front 11

methane produced by

Back 11

archaea through anarobic respiraiton

Front 12

for every fadh2 that goes through the etc

Back 12

2 atp

Front 13

beta oxidation

Back 13

fatty acids breaking off in 2 carbon units

Front 14

chemoheterotroph- use ________ as energy source- use ________for energy source as carbon source

Back 14

chemical, same chemical

Front 15

chemoautotrophs

Back 15

use carbon dioxide and fix it into organic molecules-

Front 16

photoheterotrophs

Back 16

light= energy sourcecarbon source= organic molecules made by something else

Front 17

infection

Back 17

microbes colonizing on a host

Front 18

study of the cause of a disease

Back 18

etiology

Front 19

cutaneous

Back 19

affecting the skin

Front 20

pulonary

Back 20

relating to the lungs

Front 21

exotoxin

Back 21

secretes

Front 22

in cell wall released when bacteria are killed

Back 22

endotoxin

Front 23

cytotoxin

Back 23

toxin that kills cells

Front 24

endotoxin rules

Back 24

gram -- structural- lps- lipid a- general action- heat stable- Lo toxicity- fever- high LD

Front 25

gram -- structural- lps- lipid a- general action- heat stable- Lo toxicity- fever- high LD

Back 25

endotoxin rules

Front 26

- gram +- metabolic product- protein- specific action- heat labile (not heat stable)- Hi toxicity- no fever- small LD 50 (easy to contract , virulent)

Back 26

exotoxin rules

Front 27

enzymes

Back 27

- coagulase ( blood clots together- kinases ( break through blood clot, digest fibron clot)- haluronidase (digesting glue that holds cell together, so they can move between cells)- collagenase ( digests connective collagen)- IgA proteases (proteases that destroy IgA)

Front 28

bacteria cannot do this simultaneously

Back 28

coagulase (clot) and kinases(break through clots)

Front 29

damage that viruses cause

Back 29

cytopathic effects

Front 30

cytopathic effects of viruses

Back 30

- stop mitosis- autolysis- inclusion bodies- synscytia (clump cells together)- altered function- contact inhibitonless ( make cells forget to stop growing when come in contact with each other, cause tumers, wart, cancer)- kinins (cause fluid loss from mucous membranes, common cold)

Front 31

- neurotoxins- some interfere with protein synthesis RNA polymerase inhibitors- hypersensitivity- all caused by 3 genera that all have keratinase- only superficial

Back 31

fungi

Front 32

the study of natural history of infectious diseases

Back 32

epidimiology

Front 33

a set of standard criteria for deciding whether a person has a particular disease or health related condition, b specifying clinical criteria and limitation on time, place, and person

Back 33

case definition

Front 34

alcohol fermentaiton

Back 34

- co2 as byproduct- acetadlhyde

Front 35

virulence

Back 35

degree of pathogenicity

Front 36

application of screening, improvement , management,and exploitation of microorganisms for the production of various useful end products on a large scale.

Back 36

industrial microbio

Front 37

propionibacterium produce

Back 37

propioinc acid and co2

Front 38

saccharomyces produce

Back 38

ethanol and co2

Front 39

weizmann found

Back 39

acetone and butyric acid made by clostridium

Front 40

remove carbon from pyruvic acid to make

Back 40

acetyl - coenzyme a- in doing this 2 co2 are removed

Front 41

glycolysis takes 1 glucose and makes

Back 41

2 (3 carbon) pyruvic acids and produces 2 ATP + 2 NADH

Front 42

the enzymes of glycolysis extract some of the

Back 42

potential energy stored in glucose- this process yeilds 2 atp and 2 nadh

Front 43

4C compound + 2 acetyl coenzyme a

Back 43

citric acid (6C compound)

-krebs cycle, citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid all the same

Front 44

citric acid cycle =

Back 44

krebs cycle

Front 45

at end of glycolysis

Back 45

4 atp are produced, but net yield is 2 atp

Front 46

yield of glycolysis

Back 46

2 atp, 2 electron carrying nadh, 2 pyruvates

Front 47

in krebs cycle

Back 47

h2o + pyruvic acid = co2- produces 2 ATP + 6NADH +2FADH2

Front 48

krebs cycle is a

Back 48

aerobic process

Front 49

reactions of krebs cycle and electron transpor tchain require

Back 49

oxygen gas- yield more atp than glycolysis

Front 50

during krebs cycle the 2 acetyl coa molecules are oxidized yielding

Back 50

4 CO2 , 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FDAH2

Front 51

bacterial cell citric acid cycle and glycolysis takes place in

Back 51

cytoplasm

Front 52

etc in bacterial cell is in

Back 52

plasma membrane

Front 53

Decarboxylation of pyruvic acid produces one CO2 and one ________________ group.

Back 53

acetyal

Front 54

differnt organisms have different

- cytochrome oxidase found in

- enzyme that attaches electrons to oxygen

Back 54

sequences of electron transport chains cytocrome

Front 55

electron transport chain by product

Back 55

hydrogen peroxide and oxygen which bind to o2 and h2o

Front 56

energy comes from

Back 56

substrate that you can oxidize

- glucose

Front 57

eid

Back 57

emerging infectious diseases

Front 58

how eid come about or increase

Back 58

-weather = behaviour of people during the weather

-over crowding

- antibiotic abuse

- genetic recomination

- migration

- geologic events = VALLEY FEVER RESPIRATORY INFECTION FROM EARTHQUAKE, HURICANE CHOLERA

- globalization = product carry, travel then mosquitos transmit

- predisposing factors

- suburbia = move into pathogen home

- pesticide use=

- improved case reporting - did it really emerge or were people distracted with bigger issues

- global warming= rain = more mosquitos due to more moisture, change seasonal issues to all the time

- public health failure =

- environmental encroachment

Front 59

tics transfer

coccidioidomycosis - valley fever

Back 59

lyme disease

respiratory infection from soil

Front 60

aedes albopictus

a. algypti

Back 60

mosquito ccarried disease transfered from globalization

- feed all day

- dengue fever- occurs in asia and carribean

Front 61

pneumocystis jirobicii

Back 61

affects immuno compormised people

Front 62

S. enterica typhi , S. enterica Cholerasius

Back 62

typhoid fever

- transmitted fecal oral route

Front 63

prevalence

Back 63

# of people who have disease

Front 64

incidence

Back 64

# of new cases

Front 65

Rate of reaction increases when ______________.

Back 65

Amount of heat is increased -molecular movement increases -frequency of collision increases -number of molecules that are at or above the activation energy level increases Other ways to increase reaction rate: -increase the pressure -increase the number of reactants

Front 66

A substrate is_____________.t.

Back 66

A molecule your enzymes works on to make another produc

Front 67

The cofactor and _________ make the whole piece that fits into the ________ site.

Back 67

coenzyme, allosteric site

Front 68

What factors affect enzymes?

Back 68

temperature (optimal 35-37*C) 2. pH (7 optimal) 3. substrate concentration- goes high and plateaus

Front 69

Enzyme inhibitors:

Back 69

Competitive - competes directly for the active site non-competitive- competes in directly for the allosteric site -causes active site to change shape so the the correct substrate cannot bind (eg. DDT is an inhibitor)

Front 70

Stop signal of enzyme always binds to ___________ .

Back 70

Enzyme 1

Front 71

Allosteric site does what?

Back 71

causes active site to change shape halting substrate to fit

Front 72

From one molecule of glucose, oxidation produces __ molecules of NADH, two molecules of ________ and two molecules of ___________ .

Back 72

6 FADH2 ATP

Front 73

Decarboxylation produces six molecules of ______ .

Back 73

CO2

Front 74

Step 1 of glycolysis:

Back 74

glucose was phosphorylated and ATP was dephosphorylated.

Front 75

Step 3 of glycolysis:

Back 75

Fructose-6 phosphate was phosphorylated while ATP was dephosphorylated.

Front 76

___________ is decarboxylated (carbon removed)and is oxidized by_________.

Back 76

Acetyl group is attached via a high energy bond to coenzyme A (CoA)pyruvic acid NAD

Front 77

Krebs's cycle steps:

Back 77

acetyl enters the cycle

- CoA is reused to help another acetyl enter the Krebs's cycle

- Acetyl is oxidized in a series of steps

- CO2 is produced (all carbon that enters exists as CO2)

- NADH and FADH are produced by redox reactions

Front 78

Examples of final electron acceptors

Back 78

Nitrate-E. coli and pseudomonas Fe3+ geobacter

Front 79

Chemiosmosis is the generation of _____ using the ______.

Back 79

ATP ETC

Front 80

Most of the cell's ATP is produced at this stage __________ .

Back 80

chemiosmosis in etc

Front 81

H+ diffuse across the membrane through ______ channels containing an enzyme ______________.

Back 81

protein ATP synthase

Front 82

True or false. Fermentation does not require the Krebs's cycle or ETC

Back 82

true

Front 83

In fermentation the final electron acceptor is _____________.

Back 83

organic

Front 84

Does fermentation yield any ATP?

Back 84

yes but in small amounts only during glycolysis

Front 85

Two types of fermentation:

Back 85

1. lactic acid fermentation:

-pyruvic acid-----> lactic acid (streptococci and lactobacillus are lactic acid bacteria)

2. alcohol fermentation: -reduced -heterolactic (variety of products due to fermentation)

Front 86

homoplastic-

Back 86

can only produce lactic acid

Front 87

____________________ is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

Back 87

metabolic pathway

Front 88

______________________states that chemical reactions can occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide

Back 88

collision theory

Front 89

______________________is needed to disrupt electronic configurations

Back 89

Activation energy

Front 90

_____________________ is the frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction

Back 90

Reaction rate

Front 91

Reaction rate can be increased by___________or by increasing __________or__________.

Back 91

Enzymes Temperature Pressure

Front 92

Maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to product in a second is ____________

Back 92

turnover Number

Front 93

Oxidoreductase:

Back 93

oxidation-reduction reactions

Front 94

Transferase

Back 94

transfer functional groups

Front 95

Hydrolase

Back 95

hydrolysis

Front 96

Lyase

Back 96

removal of atoms without hydrolysis

Front 97

Isomerase

Back 97

rearrangement of atoms

Front 98

Ligase:

Back 98

joining of molecules; uses ATP

Front 99

Apoenzyme

Back 99

incomplete, inactive form of an enzyme

Front 100

Holoenzyme:

Back 100

Complete active form of an enzyme

Front 101

Coenzyme

Back 101

Organic molecules that activate enzymes often vitamins

Front 102

Cofactor

Back 102

Inorganic molecules or elements that activate enzymes often trace elements, minerals

Front 103

Allosteric Site

Back 103

secondary site, not where enzyme is binding

Front 104

Competitive Inhibitor

Back 104

both compounds compete for the primary binding site

Front 105

2 Types of non-competitive inhibition

Back 105

Attaches to allosteric site on enzyme

OR

Binds up cofactors (e.g. cyanide poisoning)

Front 106

Feedback Inhibition

Back 106

End product of pathway, binds back to enzyme when Concentrations are sufficient and stops the Rxn (Efficiency Rxn) - stops wasteful production of something that we have created enough of.

Front 107

How many ATP are formed per glucose in Fermentation

Back 107

2

Front 108

What type of phosphorylation occurs in Fermentation?

Back 108

Substrate-Level

Front 109

________________ microbes produce ONLY lactic acid

Back 109

Homolactic

Front 110

______________ microbes produce lactic acid & other products

Back 110

Heterolactic microbes.

Front 111

What is the Enter-Doudoroff pathway?

Back 111

An alternative to glycolysis, cleaves glucose into pyruvic acid using alternate set of enzymes.

Front 112

___________ Separate glycerol. & fatty acids?

Back 112

Lipases

Front 113

In lipid catabolism what molecule enters glycolysis?

Back 113

GLYCEROL Transformed to pyruvic acid then Acetyl CoA to enter Kreb

Front 114

Fatty Acids cleaved into 2-carbon fragments by ____________________ into Acetyl-CoA then enter Krebs Cycle in lipid catabolism.

Back 114

beta-oxidation

Front 115

_____________ & ____________ cleave proteins into amino acids

Back 115

Proteases and Peptidases

Front 116

Deamination is :

Back 116

removal of amino group

Front 117

Decarboxylation:

Back 117

removal of a carboxyl group

Front 118

How many turns of the Calvin-Benson Cycle does it take to create 1 - glucose ?

Back 118

6

Front 119

____________ Get organic carbon from outside sources

Back 119

Heterotrophs

Front 120

___________ make their own food from inorganic carbon

Back 120

Autotrophs

Front 121

_______________ depend on redox reaction of organic or inorganic compounds for energy

Back 121

Chemotrophs

Front 122

Photosynthetic Structure for plants/cyanobacteria (DISCS)

Back 122

Thylakoids

Front 123

Photosynthetic structure of green sulfur bacteria

Back 123

Chlorosomes

Front 124

Photosynthetic structure for purple sulfur bacteria

Back 124

Chromatophores

Front 125

A Stack of thylakoids is a _________________

Back 125

Granum

Front 126

53.The fluid filled space around the grana is _________________

Back 126

Stroma

Front 127

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Back 127

Water is the H donor, O2 released

Front 128

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

Back 128

H2S is the H donor, sulfur granules produced

Front 129

2 stages of photosynthesis

Back 129

Photo - (light dependent)

Synthesis (light independent)

Front 130

57.In the Calvin Benson Cycle ___________ is taken in and converted to ___________.

Back 130

Carbon Dioxide, Sugar

Front 131

In light dependent reactions __________ is taken in and _________ is released.

Back 131

Water, Oxygen

Front 132

sulfur bacteria use what type of chlorophyll?

Back 132

Bacteriochlorophylls

Front 133

Excited electrons in photosynthesis are passed from molecule to molecule until _________________?

Back 133

They are captured by electron acceptor

Front 134

Primary electron acceptors in photosynthesis pass electrons off to the _____________.

Back 134

ETC

Front 135

What types of organisms use cyclic photophosphorylation?

Back 135

Purple/Green bacteria.

- This is anoxygenic (no oxygen is produced) Final electron acceptor is chlorophyll

Front 136

What types of organisms use noncyclic photophosphorylation?

Back 136

Plants/Cyanobacterial b/c electrons are replaced by splitting water!!!!!

Final electron acceptor is NADP+

Front 137

final electron accepetor of cyclic photophosphorylation

Back 137

chlorophyll

Front 138

final electron accepetor of noncyclic photophosphorylation

Back 138

NADP+

Front 139

What is needed for input into Calvin-Benson cycle?

Back 139

Carbon Dioxide, ATP, NADPH (from light reactions)

Front 140

What is the output of Calvin Benson cycle?

Back 140

G3P (Which is made into glucose) NADP+ ADP

Front 141

calvin vs krebs cycle

Back 141

1.Calvin Cycle - only in plants; Krebs - in plants & animals

2.Calvin Cycle - in chloroplasts; Krebs - in mitochondria

3.Calvin Cycle - uses ATP; Krebs - leads to ATP production

4.Calvin Cycle - produces carbohydrates; Krebs - breaks down carbohydrates.

5.Calvin Cycle - does not need O2; Krebs - cannot work if no O2.

Front 142

in algae and plants the substance that reduces co2 is

Back 142

h atoms of h2o

Front 143

in algae and plants the site of photosynthesis is

Back 143

chloroplasts and thylakoids

Front 144

in cyanobacteria the substance that reduces co2 is

Back 144

h atoms of h2o

Front 145

in cyanobacteria the site of photosynthesis is

Back 145

thylakoids

Front 146

cyanobacteria(e) oxygen production

Back 146

oxygenic and anoxygenic

Front 147

in green bacteria (p) the substance that reduces co2 is

Back 147

sulfur, h2 gas

Front 148

in purple bacteria (p) the substance that reduces co2 is

Back 148

sulfur, h2 gas

Front 149

in purple bacteria (p) the site of photosynthesis is

Back 149

chromatophores

- bacteriochlorophyll a or b

-anoxygenic

-anaerobic

Front 150

in green bacteria (p) the site of photosynthesis is

Back 150

chromosomes

- bacteriochlorophyll a

-anoxygenic

-anaerobic

Front 151

What temperature group is responsible for most food spoilage?

Back 151

Psychrotrophs (0-32)

Front 152

What temperature group is responsible for most human pathogenesis

Back 152

Mesophiles

Front 153

What are the 5 temperature groups of microorganisms?

Back 153

Psychrophiles = very cold, reproduce and grow, salt

Psychrotrophs= cold

Mesophiles

Thermophiles= high temps

Hyperthermophiles= very hot

Front 154

require oxygen to live

Back 154

Obligate aerobes

Front 155

may grow with or without oxygen can use fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Back 155

Facultative anaerobes:

Front 156

requires absence of oxygen to live

Back 156

Obligate anaerobes:

Front 157

do not use oxygen, but oxygen is not toxic

Back 157

Aerotolerant anaerobes:

Front 158

require small amount of oxygen

Back 158

Microaerophiles:

Front 159

What does Sodium thioglycollate do in liquid broth?

Back 159

depletes oxygen

Front 160

What is enrichment media?

Back 160

Similar to selective media but designed to increase number of desired microbes to detectable levels

Front 161

Organisms that require many growth factors are described as ________________.

Back 161

fastidious

Front 162

Microbes that grow better at high CO2 concentrations are called __________________.

Back 162

Capnophiles

Front 163

How to bacteria multiply?

Back 163

Binary Fission

Front 164

___________ Phase - intense activity preparing for population growth, but no increase in population

Back 164

LAG PHASE

Think of tooling up - Protein synthesis preparatory for reproduction

Front 165

_______ Phase - Logarithmic or exponential increase in population

Back 165

LOG PHASE

Active cellular reproduction, exponential growth, constant generation time

Front 166

_________ Phase - Period of equilibrium; microbial deaths balance production of new cells.

Back 166

STATIONARY PHASE

Front 167

Problems with Plate Count Methods

Back 167

Heat from melted agar may inhibit growth & may be hard to see colonies under each other in 3-D

Front 168

Spread plate Method

Back 168

Pour known amount/conc. onto a plate and spread evenly over whole plate surface

Front 169

Pour Plate Method

Back 169

Pour known amount/conc onto empty plate, pour in liquid agar and swirl, allow to cool.

Front 170

Indirect Method for measuring # of bacteria

Back 170

Turbidity (Amount of light that can pass through a bacterial suspension)

Front 171

Destruction or removal of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores but with the possible exception of prions is :

Back 171

:Sterilization

Front 172

Sufficient heat treatment to kill endospores of Clostridium botulinum in canned food:

Back 172

commercial Sterilization

Front 173

Destruction of vegetative pathogens:

Back 173

Disinfection (Note killing the vegetative but NOT the spore)

Front 174

Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue:

Back 174

Antisepsis (Note killing the vegetative but NOT the spore)

Front 175

Removal of microbes from a limited area, such as the skin around an injection site:

Back 175

Degerming

Front 176

Treatment intended to lower microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils to safe public health levels:

Back 176

Sanitation

Front 177

Agents that inhibit microbial growth are:

Back 177

Bacteriostatic

Front 178

3 Main Mechanisms of Microbial Control Agents are:

Back 178

:1.) Alteration to membrane permeability 2.) Damage to proteins 3.) Damage to nucleic acids

Front 179

What is Thermal Death POINT

Back 179

?lowest temp at which all microbes in a liquid suspension will be killed in a 10 min. exposure

Front 180

What is Thermal Death TIME?

Back 180

minimal time required to kill all microbes in a liquid culture at a particular temp.

Front 181

True or False: Pasteurization sterilizes milk.

Back 181

FALSE. Pasteurization only removes pathogenic microbes, heat-resistant microbes will survive.

Front 182

Before protein can enter the energy pathway, enzymes must first be

Back 182

deaminate (remove nitrogen groups) the amino acids

Front 183

An amino acid that can enter the energy pathway between glucose and pyruvate is referred to as a

Back 183

glucogenic amino acid

Front 184

an amino acid that can enter the energy pathway as acetyl CoA is referred to as a

Back 184

ketogenic amino acid

Front 185

Abundant ATP comes from dietary fat because fat provides more

Back 185

carbon hydrogen bonds

Front 186

the more hydrogen atoms provided, the more

Back 186

ATP bonds will be produced

Front 187

respiration is

Back 187

catabolic exothermic redox reaction

Front 188

Most of the ATP produced by aerobic respiration is made by

Back 188

oxidative phosphorylation.

Front 189

in aerobic respiration

One glucose molecule yields

Back 189

two molecules of pyruvate.

Front 190

how many atp produced by krebs cycle in aerobic respiration

Back 190

2 atp

Front 191

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

Back 191

aerobic respiration

Front 192

2 types of anaerobic respiration

Back 192

lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation

Front 193

this takes place in humans when there is not enough oxygen

Back 193

lactic acid fermentation

Front 194

__________ is the anaerobic catabolic reaction of glucose.

Back 194

Glycolysis

Front 195

Aerobic conditions produce _________and anaerobic conditions produce________ as the end products of glycolysis.

Back 195

pyruvate, lactate

Front 196

In the eukaryotic cells, glycolysis occurs in the

Back 196

cytosol.

Front 197

Two energy rich ATP molecules are required to start the process of glycolysis. At the end, the process yields

Back 197

a pyruvate molecule, four molecules of ATP ( net gain of 2 atp) are made and two NADP molecules.Both ATP and NADP molecules are energy-rich and are used in other cell reactions.

Front 198

In the presence of oxygen, the pyruvate produced at the end of glycolysis is converted to

Back 198

acetyl-CoA.

Front 199

In the absence of oxygen ___________ will occur.

Back 199

fermentation of the pyruvate molecule

Front 200

When acetyl-CoA is produced, this molecule enters the citric acid cycle, which takes place in the

Back 200

mitochondrial matrix.

Front 201

This molecule gets oxidized to CO2 and reduced NAD to NADH.

Back 201

acetyl coa

Front 202

NADH is then again used in the electron transport chain to

Back 202

produce more ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.

Front 203

The net energy gain from a single citric acid cycle is

Back 203

3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 GTP. The GTP is subsequently used to produce ATP.

Front 204

citric acid 6 c molecule is

Back 204

2 c acetyl coenzyme A + 4 c oxaloacetic acid

Front 205

in etc

Back 205

When a carrier molecule reduces another molecule, the energy that is released is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane into the inter-membrane space. The remaining energy is used to reduce the next carrier molecule. As a result of this, hydrogen ions become concentrated in the inter-membrane space.

Front 206

Embden-Meyerhof pathway ______________.

Back 206

is another name for glycolysis. is named after its discoverers.

Front 207

Which of the following are products of glycolysis?

Back 207

NADH, pyruvic acid, ATP

Front 208

The overall purpose of the Krebs cycle is ________.

Back 208

to extract the energy from pyruvate molecules enzymatically.

Front 209

Which of the following is an electron carrier used in the Krebs cycle?

Back 209

NADH and FADH2

Front 210

Based on the animation, how many ATP is one NADH equal to?

Back 210

3

Front 211

What occurs at the transition step of krebs cycle?

Back 211

decarboxylation of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA

Front 212

Chemiosmosis ____________________________.

Back 212

is the process of using a proton gradient to generate ATP.

Front 213

how do the protons flow in an electron transport system in a prokaryote?

Back 213

from regions of high concentration to low concentrations along a cell membrane

Front 214

Which compound provides the electrons at the start of the electron transport system in the animation?

Back 214

NADH

Front 215

What is the primary function of fermentation?

Back 215

It provides the cell with a mechanism to regenerate the oxidized form of electron carriers, allowing glycolysis to continue.

Front 216

During fermentation, which compound is the substrate to be reduced with the electrons from NADH?

Back 216

Pyruvic acid

Front 217

Which of the following is a product of alcohol fermentation?

Back 217

CO2, ethanol, NAD+

Front 218

What is the function of NADH in fermentation?

Back 218

NADH provides the electrons to reduce pyruvic acid to either an organic acid or ethanol.

Front 219

Which of the following is NOT an organic acid produced by the process of fermentation?

Back 219

Pyruvic acid

Front 220

As the nurse researcher in a large medical center, you are working with the gastroenterology physicians on a project to study the effect of diet on intestinal gas. People in the test group who developed the most gas ate broccoli and beans, which are high in raffinose and stachyose, and eggs, which are high in methionine and cysteine. Intestinal gas is composed of CO2, CH4, H2S, and H2. How are these gases produced?

Back 220

Humans cannot digest the oligosaccharides raffinose and stachyose. These undigested carbohydrates go into the large intestine, where normal microbiota use them. Bacteria produce H2S when they remove sulfur from the amino acids to use the carbon skeletons in the Krebs cycle.

Front 221

What is the chemical pathway that uses carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen?

Back 221

photosynthesis

Front 222

What is the chemical pathway that uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water?

Back 222

AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Front 223

Where does glycolysis take place in bacteria?

Back 223

CYTOPLASM

Front 224

Where does the electron transport system take place in bacteria?

Back 224

CELL MEMBRANE

Front 225

Which of these is/are produced by yeast during fermentation?

Back 225

ALCOHOL AND CO2

Front 226

Which of these organisms performs butyric/butyric acid fermentation?

Back 226

CLOSTRIDIUM

Front 227

During allosteric inhibition, the inhibitor binds and causes this to happen

Back 227

:ACTIVE SITE CHANGES SHAPE

Front 228

During competitive inhibition, the inhibitor is very similar to the ________ in shape.

Back 228

SUBSTRATES

Front 229

The enzyme is like a _______ and the substrate is like a _______.

Back 229

LOCK AND KEY

Front 230

Which of these is NOT true for an enzyme?

Back 230

OFTEN MADE FOR VITAMINS

Front 231

What is the function of fermentation?

Back 231

RECYCLES NADH BACK TO NAD

Front 232

Which of these pairs of pathways are usually anaerobic?

Back 232

GLYCOLYSIS AND FERMENTATION

Front 233

Some anaerobic bacteria can use this as the final electron acceptor for electron transport.

Back 233

NITRATE

Front 234

During the transition reaction, how many net ATPs are produced directly

Back 234

none

Front 235

During the transition reaction, the first molecules of ______ are produced.

Back 235

CO2

Front 236

During the Krebs cycle, how many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced for each pyruvate that enters?

Back 236

2

Front 237

_________ ends with pyruvate and ___________ begins with pyruvate

Back 237

GLYCOLYSIS, FERMENTATION or krebs cycle

Front 238

These are used to transfer electrons from one molecule to another.

Back 238

COENZYMES

Front 239

These are used to improve the fit between the substrate(s) and the active site.

Back 239

COFACTORS

Front 240

This is often used as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions.

Back 240

MAGNESIUM

Front 241

Coenzymes are __________ molecules.

Back 241

ORGANIC

Front 242

Which of these coenzymes carries electrons with the highest energy level?

Back 242

NAD

Front 243

A strictly fermentative bacterium produces energyby

Back 243

glycolysis only

Front 244

If a cell is starved for ATP, which of the following pathways would most likely be shut down

Back 244

pentose phosphate pathway

Front 245

How would a noncompetitive inhibitor interfere with a reaction involving the enzyme shown in Figure 5.3

Back 245

it would bind to b the thing that looks like it

Front 246

How is ATP generated in the reaction shown in Figure 5.4?

Back 246

B) substrate-level phosphorylation

Front 247

Assume you are working for a chemical company and are responsible for growing a yeast culture that produces ethanol. The yeasts are growing well on the maltose medium but are not producing alcohol. What is the most likely explanation?

Back 247

O2 is in the medium.

Front 248

In noncyclic photophosphorylation, O2 is released from

Back 248

H2O.

Front 249

An enzyme, citrate synthase, in the Krebs cycle is inhibited by ATP. This is an example of all of thefollowing EXCEPT

Back 249

competitive inhibition

IS AN EXAMPLE OF Allosteric inhibition, feedback inhibition, and noncompetitive inhibition (It is not competitive inhibition)

Front 250

Which of the following statements regarding the glycolysis pathway is FALSE?

Back 250

One molecule of ATP is expanded.

Front 251

What is the fate of pyruvic acid in an organism that uses aerobic respiration?

Back 251

b. It is oxidized in the Krebs cycle.

Front 252

Gallionella bacteria can get energy from the reaction: Fe 2+ → Fe3+. This reaction is an example of

Back 252

Oxidation

Front 253

The advantage of the pentose phosphate pathway is that it produces all of the following except

Back 253

three atps

Front 254

What is the fate of pyruvic acid in an organism that uses aerobic respiration?

Back 254

is converted into acetyl CoA

Front 255

Which of the following statements about beta oxidation is FALSE?.

Back 255

It is a step in glycolysis

Front 256

C6H12O6(Glucose) ----Saccharomyces---> 2C2H5OH (Ethanol) + 2CO2 Which of the following is true about this reaction?

Back 256

B) This process occurs anaerobically.

Front 257

Which of the following statements about anaerobic respiration is FALSE?

Back 257

It involves the reduction of an organic final electron acceptor

Front 258

Which of the following compounds is NOT an enzyme?

Back 258

coenzyme A

Front 259

Which organism is NOT correctly matched to its energy source?

Back 259

Photoautotroph - CO₂

Front 260

Which of the following is the best definition of oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 260

A proton gradient allows hydrogen ions to flow back into the cells through transmembrane protein channels, releasing energy that is used to generate ATP.

Front 261

Which of the following uses glucose for carbon and energy?

Back 261

chemoheterotroph

Front 262

Which of the following statements about substrate-level phosphorylation is FALSE?

Back 262

The oxidation of intermediate metabolic compounds releases energy that is used to generate ATP.

Front 263

Assume you are growing bacteria on a lipid medium that started at pH 7. The action of bacterial lipases should cause the pH of the medium to

Back 263

Decrease

Front 264

A urease test is used to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis because

Back 264

C) M. tuberculosis produces urease

Front 265

Which of the following is NOT necessary for respiration?

Back 265

Oxygen

Front 266

Which of the following statements regarding metabolism is FALSE?

Back 266

Anabolic reactions are degradative.

Front 267

A bacterial culture grown in a glucose-peptide medium causes the pH to increase. The bacteria are most likely using the

Back 267

peptides

Front 268

Which of the following statements regarding the Entner-Doudoroff pathway is TRUE?

Back 268

ATP is generated.

Front 269

Microorganisms that catabolize sugars into ethanol and hydrogen gas would be categorized as

Back 269

heterolactic fermenters

Front 270

Which one of the following would you predict is an allosteric inhibitor of the Krebs cycle enzyme, ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

Back 270

NADH

Front 271

Which of the following uses CO2 for carbon and H2 for energy?

Back 271

C) chemoautotroph

Front 272

Fatty acids are oxidized in

Back 272

C) the Krebs cycle

Front 273

Which of the following has bacteriochlorophylls and uses alcohols for carbon?

Back 273

Photoheterotroph

Front 274

Which statements are true? 1—Electron carriers are located at ribosomes. 2—ATP is a common intermediate between catabolic and anabolic pathways. 3—ATP is used for the long-term storage of energy and so is often found in storage granules. 4—Anaerobic organisms are capable of respiration. 5—ATP is generated by the flow of protons across the cell membrane

Back 274

2, 4, 5

Front 275

Which of the following statements about photophosphorylation is FALSE?

Back 275

It requires CO₂.

Front 276

In green and purple bacteria, electrons to reduce CO2 come from

Back 276

h2s or co2

Front 277

Which of the following is the best definition of fermentation?

Back 277

the partial oxidation of glucose with organic molecules serving as electron acceptors

Front 278

The rates of O2 and glucose consumption by a bacterial culture are shown in Figure 5.6. Assume a bacterial culture was grown in a glucose medium without O2. Then O2 was added at the time marked X. The data indicate that

Back 278

aerobic metabolism is more efficient than fermentation

Front 279

The pentose phosphate pathway can be characterized as an anabolic pathway

Back 279

FALSE

Front 280

Once an enzyme has converted substrates into products, the active site reverts back to its original form.

Back 280

TRUE

Front 281

An apoenzyme that loses its coenzyme subunit will be non-functional.

Back 281

TRUE

Front 282

The use of enzymes is necessary to increase the activation energy requirements of a chemical reaction.

Back 282

FALSE

Front 283

In general, ATP is generated in catabolic pathways and expended in anabolic pathways.

Back 283

FALSE

Front 284

Both respiration and photosynthesis require the use of an electron transport chain.

Back 284

TRUE

Front 285

Catabolic reactions are generally degradative and hydrolytic.

Back 285

TRUE

Front 286

Both respiration and photosynthesis use water molecules for the donation of hydrogen ions.

Back 286

FALSE

Front 287

Glycolysis is utilized by cells in both respiration and fermentation.

Back 287

TRUE

Front 288

Carbon fixation occurs during the light-independent phase of photosynthesis.

Back 288

TRUE

Front 289

Substrate level phosphorylation

Back 289

The synthesis of ATP by direct transfer of a high energy phosphate group from and intermediate metabolic compound to ADP

Front 290

Catabolism

Back 290

All decomposition reactions in a living organism; the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones.

Front 291

Anabolism

Back 291

All synthesis reactions in a living organism; the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones.

Front 292

Fermentation

Back 292

The enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required.

Front 293

an organism that requires an organic carbon source; also called organotroph

Back 293

chemoautotroph

Front 294

an organism that uses light as its energy source and an organic carbon source

Back 294

photoheterotroph

Front 295

a non protein substance that is associated with and that activates an enzyme

Back 295

coenzyme

Front 296

the protein portion of an enzyme, which requires activation by a coenzyme

Back 296

apoenzyme

Front 297

the nonprotein component of an enzyme. a microorganism or molecule that acts with others to synergistically enhance or cause disease.

Back 297

cofactor

Front 298

an enzyme consisting of an apoenzyme and a cofactor

Back 298

holoenzyme

Front 299

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction but is not altered

Back 299

catalyst

Front 300

a molecule that catalyzes biochemical reactions in a living organism, usually a protein.

Back 300

enzyme

Front 301

the process in which genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as naked DNA in solution. the changing of a normal cell into a cancerous cell.

Back 301

transformation

Front 302

the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another involving cell to cell contact

Back 302

conjugation

Front 303

enzyme that synthesizes DNA by copying a DNA template

Back 303

DNA polymerase

Front 304

Which of the following correctly matches enzyme components with their correct definition and/or function?

Back 304

coenzymes are the organic cofactors important to enzyme activity

Front 305

which of the following terms refers to pathways that can function both in anabolism and catabolism

Back 305

amphibolic pathways

Front 306

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Back 306

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor, and anaerobic respiration uses either an inorganic molecule, such as nitrate ions or sulfate ions, or an organic molecule, such as an acid or alcohol.

Front 307

Which statements are true?

1-electron carriers are located at ribosomes

2- atp is a common intermediate between catabolic and anabolic pathways

3- atp is used for the long term storage of energy and so is often found in storage granules

4-anaerobic organisms are capable of generation atp via respiration

5- atp can be generated by the flow of protons across protein channels

Back 307

2,4,5

Front 308

Epidemiology methods-

Back 308

~Descriptive (retrospective vs. prospective)

~Analytical (case-control)

~Experimental

Front 309

Methods of Transmission:

Back 309

~Droplets (sneezing)

~Direct contact

~Indirect contact (syringe or any inanimate object)

~Common vehicle (water supply)

~Vector (mosquitoes, lice, ticks, some flys, fleas, etc., anything that sucks blood)

Front 310

Emerging Infectious Diseases:

Back 310

-new diseases or those that are increasing in incidence

-CDC monitors them all (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) or NIH (National Institute of Health) or WHO (World Health Organization)

Front 311

ways in which emerging infectious diseases emerge

Back 311

-overcrowding (birds in some areas of SF)

-antibiotic abuse

-genetic recombination

-migration

Front 312

How many ATP are generated from the complete oxidation of glucose with CO2 and H2O

Back 312

38

Front 313

Cyanobacteria are examples of what type of organism

Back 313

photoautotroph

Front 314

What percent of the total ATP produced from the complete catabolism of glucose is producedby aerobic respiration?

Back 314

89%`

Front 315

Heterotrophs source of energy

Back 315

ORGANIC CARBON SOURCE

Front 316

chemoautotroph source of energy

Back 316

INORGANIC COMPOUND

Front 317

_____ is another term for biosynthesis.

Back 317

anabolism

Front 318

An enzyme

Back 318

is heat and pH labile

Front 319

An apoenzyme is where the _________ is located

Back 319

ACTIVE SITE

Front 320

Many coenzymes are

Back 320

VITAMINS

Front 321

To digest cellulose in its environment, a fungus produces a/an

Back 321

EXOENZYME

Front 322

In negative feedback control of enzymes, a build-up in the amount of _____ decreases the activity in the enzyme.

Back 322

product

Front 323

Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of __________.

Back 323

high-energy ATP bonds

Front 324

Exergonic reactions

Back 324

RELEASE POTENTIAL ENERGY

Front 325

Most oxidation reactions in microbial bioenergetics involve the

Back 325

removal of electrons and hydrogens

Front 326

Fermentation of a glucose molecule gives off a net number of ATPs.

Back 326

2

Front 327

The compound that enters the TCA cycle from glycolysis is

Back 327

PYRUVIC ACID NOT ACETYL COA

Front 328

The FADH2 formed during the TCA cycle enters the electron transport system at which site?

Back 328

CYTOENZYME Q

Front 329

ATP synthase complexes can generate _______ATP(s) for each NADH that enters electron transport.

Back 329

3

Front 330

1. Phosphorylation of ADP would be considered...

Back 330

dehydration reaction