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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the Strengths of the Baron Cohen study? (Mind of the Eyes)
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-Quantitative data
-Experimental validity (Experimental validity refers to the manner in which variables that influence both the results of the research and the generalizability to the population at large) -Measures an autistic trait, not a normal one -Question criteria -High control over extraneous variables -Reliable, replicable (Pencil and paper test) |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Baron Cohen study? (Mind of the Eyes)
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-A criticism of the Revised Eyes Test might be that, even with the new modifications, the stimuli are static, whereas the real world never is.
-No Ecological Validity (it was a lab experiment) -Static pictures, eyes only -Strange task |
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What are the Strengths of the Mann & Vrij study? (Lying)
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-Controls of variables in lab experiment
-Inter-rater reliability -Specific behaviors identified and measured -Quantitative data -Reliable data -No manipulation of sample by experimenters |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Mann & Vrij study? (Lying)
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-Small sample may not be representative
-Sample could have originally been responding to demand characteristics -Low ecological validity -No sure way to distinguish between nervousness and cognitive load |
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What are the strengths of the Loftus & Pickrell study? (False memories)
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-High level of control
-Some parts were conducted in a lab -All of the variables were kept consistent for each participant -False memory always the third -False memory had the same content -Interviews always scheduled the same time apart from each other -The real stories came from relative -Both qualitative & quantitative data -Verified the possibility of the participant actually getting lost in a mall at the age of 5 |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Loftus & Pickrell study? (False memories)
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Deception
-Made people believe in a memory that wasn’t true Awkward task -Had to write everything thing they remember about each memory -Interviews over telephone Infantile amnesia -Could cause psychological harm -Only 3 male participants -Sampling method |
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What are the Strengths of the Held & Hein study? (Kittens)
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Control
Experience of the kittens was matched -speed of travel -direction of travel -distance travelled -height from the floor -contact with the floor -the view of the apparatus This shows that the kittens’ visual deficits were due to the fact that its movements were not self-actuated |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Held & Hein study? (Kittens)
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-May have merely distorted inborn abilities rather than proved that the abilities were learned (Construct validity?)
-Can this generalize to all mammals? Even people? -Ethics of working with animals |
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What are the Strengths of the Bandura Ross study? (Bobo doll)
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Cause and effect
-It could be demonstrated that the model did have an effect on the child's subsequent behavior because all variables other than the independent variable are controlled Precise control of variables -Many variables were controlled, such as the gender of the model, the time the children observed the model, the behavior of the model, etc. Quantitative Data Replication -Standardized procedures and instructions were used allowing for replicability Inferential statistics allow us to see how likely the results are due to chance |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Bandura Ross study? (Bobo doll)
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Lacks Ecological validity
– A limited social situation-no interaction between the child and the model at any point, the child has no chance to influence the model in any way, the model and the child are strangers. – Unlike 'normal' modeling which usually takes place within the family Measured almost immediately – Can a single exposure have long-term effects? CONSTRUCT VALIDITY – Maybe the children interpreted their own behavior as play instead of aggression |
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What are the Strengths of the Langlois study? (Infant Attractiveness)
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High level of control.
-Large sample with a good gender split. -Kept on parent's lap so the baby would stay comfortable. -Picky about the participant group; eliminated fussy, and or premature babies. |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Langlois study? (Infant Attractiveness)
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-Unnatural activity for baby
-Low ecological validity |
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What are the Strengths of the Little Hans study? (Phobia of Horses)
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-Provide support for Freud's theory of the Oedipus complex
-Useful for therapeutic reasons |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Little Hans study? (Phobia of Horses)
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-Hans' father, who provided Freud with most of his data, was already familiar with the Oedipus complex and interpreted the case in the light of this.
-It is therefore possible that he supplied Hans with clues that led to his fantasies of marriage to his mother and his new large widdler. -Of course even if Hans did have a fully fledged Oedipus complex, this shows that the Oedipus complex exists but not how common it is. -Ethnocentric: The idea of the nuclear family is not a cultural universal so these theories cannot apply to everyone -Androcentric: Male centered -Lack of generalization |
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What are the Strengths of the Nelson study? (Judgment stories)
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-Scale was child friendly and easy to understand
-Complicated effects but yes, replicable |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Nelson study? (Judgment stories)
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-Construct: measured moral judgement?
-External: Can this generalize? -Ecological: Realistic task? - Interviewers demonstrated how to use the scale (bias?) -Sample was not diverse (generalization?) |
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What are the Strengths of the Billington study? (Systematic & Emphasizers)
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-Quantitative data- test results.
-Controlled -Ecological Validity? High? Low? -High sample |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Billington study? (Systematic & Emphasizers)
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-Sample could have been lying
-Way in which participants were gotten -Allowed to leave and come back |
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What are the Strengths of the Rosenhan study? (Sane in Insane Places)
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-Participant observation - object perspective from a patient at the ward, who was treated like a patient.
-Field Experiment - High Ecological validity -Wide range of hospitals used - Easy generalizable -Very high Ecological Validity because of the use of deception, to ensure participants were treated like real patients, and the research method was a field experiment/naturalistic observation, making it more reliable and valid. |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Rosenhan study? (Sane in Insane Places)
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-Ethics - Hospital staff deceived
-Experiences of the pseudo-patients could have differed from that of real patients, who did not have the comfort that the diagnosis was false. -Type 2 Error should be considered - -Doctors/psychiatrists are more likely to call a healthy person sick -DSM II used when Rosenhan used study; new DSM introduced aspects that addressed unreliability. -Maybe the hospitals were erring on the side of caution. -Rosenhan arguing that mental conditions are a social phenomenon - many people who suffer from a mental illness might disagree |
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What are the Strengths of the Thigpen & Cleckley study? (Multiple Personality Disorder)
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Might help find the origins of abnormal behavior
-Can be used to understand & help a patient, because so much information is gathered. -(Such research can also be called action research or “learning by doing” - a group of people identify a problem, do something to resolve it, see how successful their efforts were, and if not satisfied, try again.) -Provide lots of data. -This particular case study contained an in-depth picture producing rich qualitative data (the interviews & hypnosis) and also lots of quantitative data (psychometric tests) -Thigpen & Cleckley also interviewed Eve's relatives to verify certain recollections and to add information. This strengthened the study. -They also asked independent experts to give her a variety of tests including an EEG test, psychometric tests and projective testsQ1 |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Thigpen & Cleckley study? (Multiple Personality Disorder)
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-Case studies only relate to one individual and the findings may not generalize.
-There is no way of knowing how representative Eve is of other people with multiple personality and so are the findings unique to Eve or can they be generalized to others with the disorder. Patient bias -Memories may not be accurate -The patient may lie Researcher bias -Case studies require that researchers work very closely with a subject. This may produce researcher bias. -When Eve Black crossed her legs ‘the therapist noted from the corner of his awareness something distinctly attractive about them, and also this was the first time he had received such an impression’. Was this a change in Eve OR was it a change in the therapist’s perceptions of her? -The data may therefore be unreliable Ethics -Was Eve White treated as more of a subject than a patient? -Moral problems with ‘killing’ one or more of the personalities |
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What are the Strengths of the Veale & Riley study? (Mirror gazing)
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-It was controlled
-They asked the same questions to all participants -Collected qualitative and quantitative data -As a result of this study, therapeutic strategies have been changed to help BDD patients to stop mirror gazing |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Veale & Riley study? (Mirror gazing)
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-Lab study
-Low ecological validity |
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What are the Strengths of the Dematté study? (Odors)
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-Controlled
-Counterbalanced to control for order effects -Replicable |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Dematté study? (Odors)
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-Generalization (population/sample)
-Demand characteristics -Halo dumping -Validity (ecological, construct) |
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What are the Strengths of the Maguire study? (Topographical memory)
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-Ethics: Participants applied to be included in the study. -Fully informed consent was gained.
-Highly controlled experiment, therefore it is replicable -Reliable because an expert analyzed the scans and did not know which were belonged to the taxi driver -The results of the study show that normal activity can induce changes in the structure of the brain, and in the volume of grey matter, has many implications for rehabilitation after brain injury |
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What are the Weaknesses if the Maguire study? (Topographical memory)
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-A a snap-shot study (would be better to conduct a longitudinal study, so that changes to brain structure over time could be studied)
-Reductive: Might lack construct validity as it only considers one factor, the volume of the hippocampi, in relation to navigational skills. -Probably this complex memory skill is governed by many separate areas of the brain. |
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What are the Strengths of the Schachter and Singer study? (Emotions)
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-High control in procedure (they were able to randomly allocate different participants to the different conditions, they were able to deceive the participants of the real nature of the experiment and standardise the procedure as much as possible)
-They even ensured that the stooge did not know which condition the participant was in |
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What are the Weaknesses of Schachter and Singer study? (Emotions)
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-Lacks ecological validity (We do not usually experience emotions in the way in which Schachter and Singer induced them)
-Ethnocentric -Not representative to females -Even though the participants were given health checks before the experiment began, and were thoroughly debriefed, they were considerably deceived. -The experimenters were only able to make participants less happy but not angry. -Adrenalin does not affect everyone in the same way (five of Schachter & Singer’s subjects were excluded from analysis because they experienced no physiological symptoms.) -No assessment was made of subjects’ mood before the injection (presumably, a subject in a better mood to begin with might respond more positively to a playful stooge.) -no attempt at replication was made until 1979 when Marshall and Zimbardo failed to obtain the same results as the original study (Finally, perhaps because people wanted to believe the theory, and perhaps because of the complexity of the experiment) |
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What are the Strengths of the Milgram study? (Obedience)
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-High control
-Experimenter and prods -The learner’s responses were recorded and standardized -Aim of the study completed (Milgram was interested in researching how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person.) -Can be used to see how far people will ethically go to complete a task |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Milgram Study? (Obedience)
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-Possible psychological harm
-Low ecological validity -Deception -Right to withdraw -Androcentric -Ethnocentric |
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What are the Strengths of the Piliavin study? (Bystander effect)
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-Quantitative & Qualitative data
-Ecological validity -No psychological harm -A closer look at the bystander effect |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Piliavin study? (Bystander effect)
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-Deception
-Informed consent -Male-based sample |
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What are the Strengths of the Tajfel study? (Group discrimination)
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-High levels of control: no confounding variables that may influence group membership (no social interaction)
-So the behaviors could be explained just in terms of categorization rather than other factors (no pre-existing prejudice) -Increases validity |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Tajfel study? (Group discrimination)
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-Low Ecological Validity
-Lab setting -Prejudice & discrimination are social phenomenon they are being studied in a lab -Unusual task -Demand Characteristics -Because they were divided into groups the participants may have felt that the purpose of the study was to compete and discriminate and so acted accordingly -Interpretation bias -Other research suggests that the behavior of the boys can be seen in terms of fairness instead of discrimination -Group membership is rarely so meaningless & is influenced by other factors |
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What are the Strengths of the Zimbardo study? (Simulated Prison)
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Quantitative & qualitative
-Most data was qualitative & was attained through video, audiotape, direct observation, interviews, and questionnaires |
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What are the Weaknesses of the Zimbardo study? (Simulated Prison)
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-Ethical Issues (Cruelety to prisoners)
-Ethnocentric (All white male participants) -Lacks Ecological Validity (Simulated prison) -Psychological harm -Researcher bias (Zimbardo played the warde) Was the sample representative? -Ethnocentric and Androcentric -(Volunteer sampling/self-selected) |
