Stf Anatomy

Front 1

official name for hip bones?

Back 1

os coxae

Front 2

what part of the vertebrae is weight bearing?

Back 2

body

Front 3

what part of the vertebrae does spinal cord pass thru?

Back 3

vertebral foramen

Front 4

bones that contribute to the abdominal wall (and how many of each)

Back 4

5 lumbar vertebrae
2 hip bones
sacrum

Front 5

what connects lamina of vertebrae to body?

Back 5

pedicles

Front 6

sup articular process articulates with? and what type of joint does it make?

Back 6

the inferior articular facet of the vertebra above.

makes a synovial facet joint (zygopophyseal joint)

Front 7

two parts of an intervertebral disc

Back 7

- annulus fibrosus (tough outer layer)
- nucleus pulposus (soft inner layer)

Front 8

whats a motion segment?

Back 8

two articulating vertebrae and the intervertebral disc.

Front 9

where do blood vessels come in and out of the spine?

Back 9

intervertebral foramen

Front 10

pectineal line (where)

Back 10

a ridge on the superior ramus of pubic bone

Front 11

the pelvic inlet is defined by (7 unique borders):

Back 11

(os coxae)
pubic symphysis,
pubic crest and tubercle,
pectineal line of the superior pubic ramus,
arcuate line,
(sacrum)
ala,

promontory

Front 12

inguinal ligament goes from ? to ?

Back 12

asis and pubic tubercle

Front 13

name of opening for the aorta in the diaphragm? and what is the diaphragm on either side of it called?

Back 13

aortic hiatus. right crus and left crus

Front 14

what are the vertebrae levels for opening of IVC, aorta and esophagus into the abdominal cavity?

Back 14

IVC - T8
Esophagus - T10
Aorta - T12

Front 15

muscles of the posterior abdominal wall (4)

Back 15

diaphragm (superior)

psoas major (medial)

iliacus (inferior lateral, wraps around iliac crests)

quadratus lumborum (superior lateral, but lower than diaphragm)

Front 16

the sideways lines across rectus abdominus

Back 16

tendinous intersections

Front 17

the muscle formed by the joining of the psoas major and iliacus? and what landmarks where it begins?

Back 17

iliopsoas.

inguinal ligament

Front 18

how do you know where gall bladder is from surface of the body?

Back 18

where the linea semilunaris meet the rib margin

Front 19

the fibres from external oblique that do not reach pubic tubercle but arc downwards to the pectineal line are called _______________

Back 19

lacunar ligament

Front 20

where does the rectus sheath take on a different enveloping order? and what are the orders superior and inferior to that line?

Back 20

the "arcuate line" between umbilicus and public crest.

superior: transversalis fascia, transversus abdominus, internal oblique, rectus, internal oblique, external oblique

inferior: transversalis fascia, rectus, transversus abdominus, internal oblique, external oblique

Front 21

what innervates quad. lumborum and psoas major?

Back 21

branches of the anterior primary rami of the upper 3 or 4 lumbar spinal nerves

L1-L4

Front 22

blood supply to muscles of abdominal wall (3 main ones)

Back 22

lumbar arteries (branches of the abdominal aorta, usually 4 pairs),

the inferior epigastric artery (both branches of the external iliac)

and the superior epigastric artery (a branch of the internal thoracic)

Front 23

whats more lateral, deep ring or inferior epigastric artery?

Back 23

deep ring. marker for deep ring is just superior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament.

Front 24

layers of spermatic cord in to out (4)

Back 24

vas deferens (with blood and nerve supply), internal spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle, external spermatic fascia

Front 25

describe conjoint tendon (location, function)

Back 25

the part of the aponeurosis of trans. abdominus and internal oblique just medial to the deep ring.

think of like it as a piece of plywood between deep and superficial inguinal ring. adds stability to a weak spot in abdomen.

Front 26

nerve supply to spermatic cord is from ________

Back 26

genital branch of genitofemoral nerve.

Front 27

whats the clinical risk of a persisting processus vaginalis after development? (ie. what could happen)

Back 27

indirect inguinal hernia (through the deep ring)

Front 28

path of sperm from development to ejaculation (7 steps)

Back 28

seminiferous tubules > rete testis > efferent ductules > epididymus > vas deferens > ejaculatory duct > urethra (prostatic, membranous, spongy)

Front 29

the testicle's coverings within the scrotum (3)

Back 29

tunica vaginalis (parietal and visceral), tunica albuginea

Front 30

blood supply to/from testicle (2) and drainage differences in left vs. right (2)

Back 30

testicular arteries (branch from L2)

pampniform plexus of veins wraps around artery, helps regulate testicle temperature. leads to testicular vein.

left test. vein > left renal vein
right test. vein > IVC (at L2)

Front 31

cysterna chyli (what)

Back 31

the place where lymph from below the diaphragm is collected. it empties to the thoracic duct.

Front 32

lymphatic drainage of testicle vs. scrotum

Back 32

testicle: follows testicular arteries to aortic nodes in abdomen.

scrotum: goes to inguinal nodes

Front 33

derivatives of ventral mesentery (name 2)

Back 33

falciform ligament, lesser omentum

Front 34

derivatives of dorsal mesentery (name 6)

Back 34

Greater omentum,
splenorenal and gastrosplenic ligaments
The mesentery of the small intestine
The transverse mesocolon
The sigmoid mesocolon

Front 35

Right and left infracolic compartments are separated by ____________?

Back 35

longitudinally by small intestine's mesentery

Front 36

pouch of morrison aka ___________

Back 36

hepatorenal recess. (right subhepatic space)

Front 37

opening between the lesser and greater sac. between back of peritoneal cavity and free edge of lesser omentum

Back 37

epiploic foramen

Front 38

regions of the stomach (4)

Back 38

cardia, fundus, body, pyloris

Front 39

how is cardiac sphincter closed?

Back 39

the fibres of the diaphragm surrounding the esophogeal opening

Front 40

what's the mesentery of first part of the duodenum?

Back 40

the hepatoduodenal ligament (right side of the lesser omentum)

Front 41

the bump inside the 2nd part of the duodenum where the hepatopancreatic ampulla empties into the duodenum

Back 41

major duodenal papilla

Front 42

plcae circularis are most prominent in what part of the small intestine?

Back 42

jejunum

Front 43

how to know where the Jejunum begins?

Back 43

where the small intestine regains its mesentery

Front 44

barium contrast x-ray useful for what in the intestine?

Back 44

you could use to tell difference between jejunum and ileum. because the barium sits in the folds that are more prominent in the jejunum.

Front 45

where does mesoappendix attach?

Back 45

attaches appendix to terminal ileum

Front 46

the turn of the large intestine from ascending to transverse is called

Back 46

hepatic flexure

Front 47

taenia coli vs. haustrae

Back 47

taenia coli is 3 bands of smooth muscle runs the length of the large intestine. imagine a drawstring.

haustrae are the bags that these taenia coli create in the large intestine.

Front 48

transverse colon's mesentery is called

Back 48

transverse mesocolon

Front 49

diverticulosis

Back 49

abnormal outpatching from the inside of colon wall. feces can get stuck in there leading to problems.

Front 50

volvulus

Back 50

when the bowel becomes twisted in on itself. it cuts off blood supply.

Front 51

what vertebrae level does celiac artery come from?

Back 51

t12

Front 52

branches of the celiac trunk (3)

Back 52

upwards - left gastric artery
left and posterior - splenic artery
right - common hepatic

Front 53

branches of common hepatic artery (3)

Back 53

down - gastroduodenal
major branch - hepatic proper
medial - right gastic artery

Front 54

gastrosplenic ligament carries what arteries (2)?

Back 54

the left gastroepiploic artery (gastro-omental)

short gastric

Front 55

do celiac and superior mesenteric arteries anastamose? how (6 steps)?

Back 55

yes,

sup. mesenteric > inferior pancreaticoduodenal >=< superior pancreaticoduodenal < gastroduodenal < common hepatic < celiac

Front 56

little vessels that directly supply the jejunum and ileum

Back 56

vasa recta

Front 57

branches of sup. mesenteric art. (5)

Back 57

1) inf. pancreaticoduodenal
2) middle colic
3) right colic
4) ileocolic
5) ilial and jejunal branches

Front 58

what level does inf. mesentertic artery arise at?

Back 58

L3

Front 59

branches of inf. mesenteric artery (3)

Back 59

1) sigmoidal arteries
2) left colic

3) superior rectal

Front 60

marginal artery of drummond

Back 60

a concept to refer to the whole complex of vessels that makes this inner square around colon

Front 61

portal vein forms where? and from what (2 inputs)?

Back 61

posterior to neck of pancreas.

1) superior mesenteric vein
2) splenic vein
**inf mesenteric vein can empty into either of the above 2 or portal vein, but always connects eventually.

Front 62

portal vein > ________ > inf vena cava

Back 62

hepatic veins (in the liver)

Front 63

when veins become enlarged they are called _____

Back 63

varicose

Front 64

esophageal varices, hemorrhoids, caput medusa (cause for each)

Back 64

all the result of either portal vein or IVC getting blocked. blood gets shunted through smaller vessels that then swell up.

esophageal varices - esophagus
hemorrhoids - in anal canal
caput medusa - subcutaneous veins

Front 65

where are lymph nodes for stomach/intestine?

Back 65

within the mesenteries. follow the arteries back to the aorta. named based on the arteries they are grouped around. (ie. inferior mesenteric nodes)

so stomach = celiac nodes
small intestine = sup mesenteric nodes

Front 66

what three ligaments connect liver to diaphragm?

Back 66

coronary,
left triangular
right triangular

Front 67

left hepatic artery supplies vs. what the right hepatic artery supplies

Back 67

left lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe

vs.

right lobe

Front 68

lymphatic drainage of the liver (2)

Back 68

1) deep -following arteries back to celiac trunk nodes
2) superficial - to nodes around IVC to thorax

Front 69

function of gall bladder

Back 69

store bile made in the liver

Front 70

bile pathway liver to duodenum (5 steps)

Back 70

right + left hepatic ducts = common hepatic duct

common hepatic duct + cystic duct = common bile duct

common bile duct passes posterior to 1st part of duodenum, enters the head of the pancreas.

common bile duct + main pancreatic duct = ampulla

ampulla empties into liver.

Front 71

which gall stones mainly cause problems?

Back 71

small enough to leave gall bladder, big enough to get stuck in bile duct.

Front 72

uncinate process of pancreas is bordered anteriorally by (2 vessels) and posteriorially by (2 vessels)

Back 72

anteriorally: SMA and SMV pass infront
posteriorally: Aorta and IVC

Front 73

sphincter of the common bile duct

Back 73

choledochal sphincter

Front 74

sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla

Back 74

sphincter of Oddi (hepatopancreatic sphincter)

Front 75

what is the duct formed from the merging of common bile duct and pancreatic duct called?

Back 75

hepatopancreatic ampulla

Front 76

pancreatic blood supply (3)

Back 76

1) Pancreatic branches of the splenic artery

2) Anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

3)the anterior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal branches

Front 77

location of spleen is at which ribs?

Back 77

9, 10 , 11

Front 78

how many spinal nerves in PNS?
how many crainial nerves?

Back 78

31
12

Front 79

what are the 5 categories spinal nerves breakdown into and how many nerves in each?

Back 79

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

Front 80

dorsal root vs. ventral roots ( carry what type of fibres?)

Back 80

sensory vs. motor

Front 81

somatic nervous system:

sensory neurons vs. motor neurons (where are cell bodies?)

Back 81

DRG vs. ventral horns of grey matter in spinal cord

Front 82

what happens to the dorsal and ventral roots leaving the spinal cord?

Back 82

the sensory and motor roots come together and they branch to either posterior primary ramus or anterior primary ramus. in these rami the sensory/motor fibres are mixed.

posterior is smaller cause it goes to the skin/muscles overlaying vertebral column only.

Front 83

a general name for an area where nerves from more than one spinal nerve will branch and combine w/ each other. the outputs are now mixed between dermatomes.

Back 83

nerve plexus

Front 84

what nerves innervate the external and internal obliques, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis? (8)

Back 84

lower 7 intercostal nerves (from T6-T12 spinal nerve ant. ramii)

and L1 fibres

Front 85

nerve from which plexus innervate the quadratus lumborum, psoas major and iliacus muscles? (1)

Back 85

lumbar plexus

Front 86

what motor nerve innervates diaphragm?

Back 86

phrenic nerve

Front 87

where does phrenic nerve get input from (3 spinal nerves)

Back 87

C3 C4 C5. descends all the way from neck and thorax.

Front 88

sensory innervation of diaphragm (2)

Back 88

central part phrenic nerve

margins, intercostal nerve

Front 89

where is pain in central diaphragm referred to and why?

Back 89

to the shoulder, because there is no diaphragm on sensory homonculus and the phrenic nerve takes inputs from cervical nerves, so its referred to one of those dermatomes

Front 90

where are preganglionic cell bodies for sympathetic vs. parasympathetic systems?

Back 90

sympathetic: in ventral horn of the spinal cord

para: cranial nuclei 3,7,9,10 or grey matter in s234

Front 91

first three prevertebral plexuses from abdomen to pelvis (3)

Back 91

celiac plexus
aortic plexus
sup hypogastic plexus

Front 92

where could post gang sympathetic cell bodies be? (2)

Back 92

sympathetic chain or ganglia of the prevertebral plexus

Front 93

levels that sympathetic system arises from (14)

Back 93

T1-L2

Front 94

levels that parasym system arises from (7)

Back 94

cranial 3,7,9,10 & sacral 234

Front 95

the branch of the anterior primary rami that Preganglionic nerves go through to get to the sympathetic chain

Back 95

ramus communicans

Front 96

describe symp innervation to organs of neck and thorax (4 impt points)

Back 96

1. enter symp chain and ascend

2. synapse at the destination level in the symp chain

3. postganglionic go through cardiac nerves

4. go to target organs, passing through plexuses (cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal) but NOT synapsing

Front 97

describe symp innervation to organs of abdomen and pelvis (4 impt points)

Back 97

1. descend symp chain

2. exit at level of organ WITHOUT synapsing through the splanchnic nerves

3. synapse at a plexus (aortic plexus, hypogastric, etc)

4. postganglionic cells go to organ following blood vessels

Front 98

sympathetic splanchic nerves of the abdomen and pelvis and their origin vertebrae (5)

Back 98

greater (t5-t9)

lesser (t10 - t11)

least (t12)

lumbar (lumbar part of symp trunk)

sacral (sacral part of symp trunk)

Front 99

splanchnic nerves full of ______-ganglionic ANS fibres? (pre/post/pre and post both)

Back 99

preganglionic only

Front 100

greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves each run through which plexuses? (4)

Back 100

celiac, aortic

aortic

aortic

Front 101

cranial nerve X supplies parasympathetic innervation to ???? organs (3 main categories)

Back 101

neck organs

thorax organs

abdomen organs (up to SMA supply, ie. liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, gall bladder, small intestine, ascending and transverse colon)

Front 102

parasymp innervation of organs in thorax (3 possible paths)

Back 102

vagus nerve > CARDIAC branches > cardiac and pulmonary plexuses > target organ > synapse near target organ and postgang have their effect.

or

vagus nerve > THORACIC branches > cardiac and pulmonary plexuses > target organ > synapse near target organ and postgang have their effect

or

vagus > esophageal plexus > target organ > synapse near target organ and postgang have their effect.

Front 103

afferents in parasympathetic fibres are typically for sensing:

Back 103

special senses such as blood pressure and sensation for reflex control.

Front 104

afferents in sympathetic fibres are typically for sensing:

Back 104

pain/discomfort sensation. sensation referred to dermatome of body surface served by the vertebrae they enter at.

Front 105

sensory nerves from internal organs typically travel in which type of nerve fibres?

Back 105

autonomic (either sympathetic or parasympathetic)

Front 106

parasymp innervation of stomach (3 steps)

Back 106

1) vagus nerve intermingles left and right in esophageal plexus

2) anterior and posterior trunks go down to abdomen

3) anterior and some of posterior trunk innervate stomach and synapse on surface

Front 107

parasymp innervation of transverse colon (4 steps)

Back 107

1) vagus nerve intermingles left and right in esophageal plexus

2) anterior and posterior trunks go down to abdomen

3) some of the posterior trunk goes to aortic plexus

4) nerves follow arteries from aortic plexus

SAME FOR OTHER ORGANS IN ABDOMEN SUPPLIED BY CELIAC TRUNK OR SMA EXCEPT STOMACH

Front 108

parasymp innervation of sigmoid colon (5 steps)

Back 108

1) nerves leave spinal cord through sacral spinal nerves 234

2) branch into pelvic splanchnic nerves

3) pass through hypogastric plexus

4) ascend to IMA and follow IMA to the target organs

5) synapse within organ to postgang effectors

SAME FOR OTHER ORGANS SUPPLIED BY IMA

Front 109

where is hypogastric plexus?

Back 109

medial, near the level where aorta splits into common iliac arteries

Front 110

referred pain from the abdominal viscera goes to one of which three regions in midline of body (3). which organs refer pain to which areas (3 groups)?

Back 110

epigastric (all organs supplied by celiac trunk)

umbilical (all organs supplied by SMA)

hypogastric (all organs supplied by IMA)

Front 111

which kidney is lower right or left and why?

Back 111

right, because its pushed down by the liver during development

Front 112

what separates paranephric fat from perinephric fat?

Back 112

renal fascia

Front 113

nephroptosis

Back 113

when you dont perinephric fat, the kidney can get displaced (sliding kidney)

Front 114

what is the concave "doorway" of the kidney called?

Back 114

renal hilum

Front 115

what is the fat filled space around the renal pelvis called?

Back 115

renal sinus

Front 116

what are the main structures in the kidney? (5) (include the outside, tubes and medulla)

Back 116

outside part
1) cortex


medulla
2) renal pyramids (have the nephrons in them)

3) renal column (between the renal pyramids)

4) renal papillae (the tip of the pyramids)


tubes
5) minor calyx drains > major calyx drains > renal pelvis

Front 117

blood supply to kidneys (3 levels of arteries/veins)

Back 117

1) renal arteries arise from aorta at L2 > divide into end arteries > interlobar arteries (run in renal columns)

2) same for veins, renal veins drain to IVC

Front 118

most of the ureter lies on which muscle?

Back 118

psoas major

Front 119

blood supply to ureter mentioned in lecture? (in abdomen (2) vs. in pelvis (2))

Back 119

gonadal and renal arteries

vs.

iliac and vesical arteries

Front 120

sensory innervation to ureter comes from (4 vertebrae levels)

Back 120

from t11 to L2

Front 121

at what landmark does the ureter cross into the pelvis?

Back 121

bifurcation of each of the common iliac arteries

Front 122

3 potential sites for kidney stones to get stuck

Back 122

1) ureteropelvic juction

2) where ureters make bend over iliac vessels into the pelvis

3) at the wall of the bladder

Front 123

what separates adrenal gland from kidney?

Back 123

perinephric fat

Front 124

blood supply to adrenal glands (3)

Back 124

1) branches of inferior phrenic arteries

2) suprarenal arteries (from aorta directly)

3) branches of renal arteries

RICHHH blood supply

Front 125

innervation of adrenal gland (3 steps in pathway)

Back 125

symp chain > pre aortic plexus (synapse) > adrenal MEDULLA

Front 126

venous drainage of left vs. right adrenal gland

Back 126

left:
suprarenal vein > renal vein > IVC

right:
suprarenal vein >IVC

Front 127

adrenal cortex vs. medulla (what they secrete)

Back 127

cortex
1) steroids&hormones: mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids and weakandrogens

medulla
2) NTs: epinephrine (adrenaline) and norephinephrine (noradrenaline)

Front 128

what is the plexus lying within the psoas major?

Back 128

lumbar plexus, this reorganizes all lumbar anterior rami into all the nerves you can see in the dissected posterior abdominal wall

Front 129

what specific nerves contribute to anterolateral abdominal wall muscle innervation?

Back 129

1) subcostal

2) iliohypogastric/ileoinguinal

Front 130

nerves of posterior wall of abdomen from top to bottom (7)

Back 130

subcostal (at the bottom of the rib)

iliohypogastric

ilioinguinal

lateral cutaneous of the thigh (could be many)

genitofemoral (on psoa)

femoral (huge)

obtruator (back wall of pelvis)

Front 131

what are the paired branches off the abdominal aorta? (5 types, then what it turns into)

Back 131

inferior phrenic, suprarenal, renal (L2), gonadal (L2), lumbar,common iliac

Front 132

where does the common iliac bifurcate into internal and external?

Back 132

at sacroiliac joint

Front 133

external iliac vs. femoral artery

Back 133

same artery, name changes once it passes posterior to the inguinal ligament

Front 134

in abdomen, venous drainage for paired organs is done by ________ , for unpaired organs done by __________

Back 134

IVC, portal vein

Front 135

lymphatic drainage of abdominal paired organs is to ________ nodes, for unpaired organs to ________ nodes

Back 135

paraaortic, preaortic (it makes sense that unpaired ones would be on the midline and paired ones lateral)

Front 136

what is the weight bearing part of the os coxae?

Back 136

ischeal tuberosity

Front 137

these 3 bones fuse to make os coxae in development

Back 137

ileum, pubic bone, ischium

Front 138

sacrospinous vs. sacrotuberous ligament

Back 138

sacrospinous ligament attaches to sacrum and ischeal spine

sacrotuberous ligament attaches to sacrum and ischeal tuberosity. is a part of the broder of pelvic outlet

Front 139

border of the greater sciatic foramen (3)

Back 139

sacrospinous ligament, ilium, sacrum

Front 140

border of the lesser sciatic foramen (3)

Back 140

sacrospinal ligament, sacrotubular ligament, ischium,

Front 141

pelvic outlet separates _____ from ______

Back 141

pelvis from perineum

Front 142

muscle that closes most of the obturator foramen, is kind of the inner lining of the real pelvis. (lies mainly on the body of the ischium). it makes sharp turn around the ischium to leave pelvis through lesser sciatic notch to attach to the femur

Back 142

obturator internus

Front 143

the muscle that attaches the sacrum to the femur by going through the greater sciatic foramen

Back 143

piriformis

Front 144

a band of thickened fascia going from superior public ramus to ischeal spine overthe obturator internus muscle

Back 144

tendinous arch

Front 145

makes the dome floor of the pelvis (part of the pelvic diaphragm)

Back 145

levator ani

Front 146

a raphe/ligament posterior to the rectum but anterior to the coccyx

Back 146

anococcygeal ligament

Front 147

coccygeus muscle (location, purpose)

Back 147

goes from ischeal spine to the coccyx (posterior to the levator ani)

a relic from when we used to move our tail. mainly ligamental now

Front 148

how does sciatic nerve leave the pelvis

Back 148

greater sciatic foramen

Front 149

part of the levator ani that controls the anus at the anorectal junction. maintains the angle too to stop the poo.

Back 149

puborectalis

Front 150

anterior gap between the two levator ani muscles is called

Back 150

urogenital hiatus

Front 151

urogenital diaphragm vs. pelvic diaphragm (location, composition)

Back 151

urogenital diaphragm
- inferior to the pelvic diaphragm
- made of some fascias (perineal membranes)

pelvic diaphragm

- superior to urogenital diaphragm

- made of muscles (levator ani and coccygeus)

Front 152

internal iliac blood vessel branching categories (4) and where the branches fit in those categories (10)

Back 152

1) to the buttock and perineum that leave the pelvis through the greater sciaticforamen (ie. sup./inf. gluteal vessels, internal pudendal)

2) branch to the medial thigh through the obturator canal (ie. obturator)

3) to pelvic wall (ie. iliolumbar, lateral sacral)

4) branches to pelvic viscera (ie. umbilical, uterine, middle rectal, vaginal)

Front 153

venous drainage in pelvis.

the pelvis venous plexuses drain back following artery path, but also anastamose with the ___________

Back 153

vertebral venous plexus in vertebral canal

Front 154

part of the umbilical artery that went to the bellybutton becomes _____________. the artery then redirects its blood flow to _____________.

Back 154

medial umbilical ligament

the bladder

Front 155

lumbosacral trunk nerve is where?

Back 155

behind the psoas major

Front 156

describe nerves from L3 L4 L5 to where they innervate (3 major parts to pathways)

Back 156

1) makes a plexus (lumbosacral nerve plexus)

2) when coming out of plexus split into sciatic nerve, sup gluteal nerve, inf gluteal nerve, pudendal nerve, posterior cuteaneous nerve of thigh, etc. etc.

3) these all go through the pelvis and out the greater sciatic foramen to the places they innervate

Front 157

in sympathetic innervation of pelvis, where do the pregang neruons synpase?

Back 157

ganglia located in the hypogastric plexus

Front 158

name 5 nerves that go through the greater sciatic foramen

Back 158

Sciatic nerve

Pudendal nerve

Superior gluteal nerve

Inferior gluteal nerve

Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

Front 159

shelves in the rectum that support fecal matter

Back 159

valves of houston

Front 160

anal columns are connected at the bottom end by anal valves, and form little pockets called _________

Back 160

anal sinuses

Front 161

where does inferior rectal artery come from? (3 steps upstream)

Back 161

inferior rectal artery < internal pudendal < internal iliac < common iliac

Front 162

stages to opening of internal rectal sphincter (3)

Back 162

1) tonic inhibition of internal sphincter by SYMP fibres

2) distention from poo in the rectum causes the levator ani (puborectalis) muscle to straighten out.

3) it opens

Front 163

where does the femur head connect in the os coxae?

Back 163

acetebulum

Front 164

how to identify the superior gluteal?

Back 164

look for piriformis. its near the top of the piriformis as it leaves the pelvis

Front 165

apex of the bladder connects to the __________

Back 165

median umbilical ligament

Front 166

lymphatic drainage of upper anal canal vs. lower canal

Back 166

internal iliac and inferior mesentertic vs.

superficial inguinal nodes

Front 167

urethral ext. sphincter and rectal ext. sphincter are both controlled by branches of the _________

Back 167

pudendal nerve

Front 168

what fascia separates rectum from prostate?

Back 168

rectovesical fascia

Front 169

what ligaments anchor the prostate?

Back 169

puboprostatic ligaments

Front 170

what structure is found posterior to the prostate?

Back 170

seminal vesicles

Front 171

remnant of the vagina in men

Back 171

prostatic utricle

Front 172

which part of urethra does ejaculatory duct empty into?

Back 172

prostatic urethra, on the urethral crest

Front 173

deepest point in male peritoneum (inferiorly)

Back 173

rectovesical pouch

Front 174

what part of the urethra does the prostate empty its contents into? (be specific)

Back 174

openings of the prostatic ducts into the prostatic sinuses of the prostatic urethra

Front 175

glandular tissue is on the _________ portion of the prostate

Back 175

posterior

Front 176

3 layers of the uterine wall

Back 176

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

Front 177

the angle formed between the vagina and the cervix is called

Back 177

anteversion

Front 178

the angle formed between the uterus and the cervix is called

Back 178

anteflexion

Front 179

the name for the area connecting the body of the uterus to the cervix

Back 179

internal os

Front 180

what structure in the cervix makes mucus?

Back 180

cervical crypts

Front 181

what three ligaments are responsible for keeping the uterus in place?

Back 181

transverse cervical,
uterosacral ligament,
pubocervical

Front 182

what is the deepest fornix in the vagina

Back 182

posterior fornix

Front 183

what vertebral level do the gonadal (testicular or ovarian) arteries arise at?

Back 183

L2

Front 184

what ligament carries the ovarian arteries to the ovary?

Back 184

suspensory ligament.

Front 185

2 covers of the ovary (not ligaments)

Back 185

germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea

Front 186

what muscles make the pelvic diaphragm? (2)

Back 186

coccygeous and levator ani

Front 187

what are 3 things the perineal body attaches to?

Back 187

the urogenital diaphragm
levator ani
external anal sphincter

Front 188

whats the space lateral to the anal canal filled with? and what its purpose

Back 188

ischiorectal fossa
- to be able to be squished when poo distends the anal canal

Front 189

what does the pudendal canal run through?

Back 189

ischeorectal fossa

Front 190

the pudendal canal is __________ the pelvis (where, relative to)

Back 190

inside

Front 191

branches of the pudendal nerve in males (4)

** bonus: what type of fibres does it carry

Back 191

1) the dorsal nerve of the penis
2) deep perinal
3) superficial perineal
4) inferior rectal

**somatic/sympathetic

Front 192

what muscles does the deep pouch in males contain? (2 but only really need to know #1)

Back 192

1) external urethral sphincter
2) deep transverse perineal muscles

Front 193

nerves and vessels in the female deep pouch (2)

Back 193

1) dorsal nerves and vessels of clitoris
2) deep branch of the perineal nerve

Front 194

external urethral sphincter in females is made up of many parts, including (2)

Back 194

- compressor urethra
-sphincter urethrovaginalis

Front 195

what are the borders of the superficial perineal pouch? (3)

Back 195

perineal membrane (superior) and Colles' fascia (inferior & anterior) and urogenital diaphragm free edge (posterior)

Front 196

Colles’ fascia in the superficial pouch iscontinuous with __________ in the ____________

Back 196

scarpa's fascia in the abdomen.

OR

fascia lata in the upper leg

Front 197

contents of superficial pouch in male, not including vessels or nerves (5)

Back 197

bulb of the penis
bulb of corpus cavernosa (an crura)
bulb of corpus spongiosum
ischocavernosis
bulbospongiosis

Front 198

what limits the distention of the penis during erection?

Back 198

connective tissue around the corpus cavernosum called the tunica albuginea

Front 199

what are the parasymp nerves that emerge from the hypogastric plexus to go to the penis

Back 199

cavernous nerves

Front 200

point and shoot is an analogy for.... (1)

which systems are involved (3)

what do the systems do (5 actions total)

Back 200

nerve control of male sexual function.

PARASYMPATHETIC
"POINT"
1. erection is initiated by parasymapthetic system. through instructing tissues to vasodialate after getting stimulation

SYMPATHETIC
"SHOOT" emission
2. contraction of smooth muscle in epidydymis vas deferens and ejac ducts,
3. secretion of the bulbourethral glands and seminal vesicles, seminal glands
4. contraction of internal urethral sphincter

SOMATIC ejaculation
5. contracts bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus rhythmically

Front 201

clitoris is mainly made up of ________ tissue

Back 201

corpus cavernosum

Front 202

analagous structure to scrotum in females is _______

Back 202

labia

Front 203

sympathetic activity causes the glans of the vagina to _________

Back 203

secrete lubricant, simialr to how the secretions are done in men.

Front 204

bulb of the vestible is analogous to _________

Back 204

bulb of the penis. it has erectile tissue.

Front 205

mucus secreting glands that open up into the vagina

Back 205

greater vestibular gland

Front 206

concave vs. convex curve of back (what are they called)

Back 206

lordosis, kyphosis

Front 207

what is the space between the inferior articular process and the body of the same vertebrae called?

Back 207

inferior notch

Front 208

name 3 features of a cervical vertebrae spinous process

Back 208

short, oblique angle to each other, can be bifid

Front 209

a raised body lip on the lateral part of the body of cervical vertebrae

Back 209

uncus

Front 210

what does the vertebral artery travel through?

Back 210

transverse foramen

Front 211

name of joints between the anterior aspect of the cervical vertebrae bodies

Back 211

uncovertebral joints

Front 212

what part of the spinal cord provides support to the tubercle of the rib?

Back 212

transverse costal facet

Front 213

the facets on the posterior side of cervical vertebrae bodies

Back 213

demifacets

Front 214

ischiofemoral ligament limits what movement?

Back 214

hyperextension of the hip joint

Front 215

the bony bridge at the back of the atlas vertebra

Back 215

posterior arch

Front 216

which vertebrae have no body (2)? what do they have instead (2)?

Back 216

axis

a bony process called the dens which extends superiorly

atlas.

anterior arch in the middle, connects two lateral masses

Front 217

does the atlas have a transverse foramen?

Back 217

yes

Front 218

what facets connect the axis to the atlas? (2)

Back 218

1) superior articular facets (large and anterior)

2) facet for atlas on the dens

Front 219

atlanto occipital vs. atlantoaxial joints. (location, movements permitted)

Back 219

atlanto-occipital joints are from the atlas (lateral masses) to the occipital condyle on the base of skull. permit nodding "yes"

atlanto-axial joint is from the articulation of the dens to anterior arch of atlas. permit shakign head "no"

Front 220

what attachment completes the hole for the dens in the atlas?

Back 220

the transverse ligament (attaches the sides of the anterior arch posteriorly behind the dens)

Front 221

what action does the posterior longitudinal ligament resist?

anterior longitudinal ligament?

transverse ligament (not the transverse ligament in atlas, the other one)?

Back 221

hyperflexion of spine,

hyperextension of spine

spinal side flexion

Front 222

what ligament resists spinal neck flexion?

Back 222

nuchal ligament

Front 223

what is the vertebral level of PSIS dimples on the surface of the back?

Back 223

S2

Front 224

what's the most prominnent spinous process when flexing neck?

Back 224

c7

Front 225

Vertebral column is innervated by ____________ branch of ___________

Back 225

recurrent meningeal branch of primary ramus.

it comes off the primary ramus and innervates the body side of the vertebrae

Front 226

Zygapophyseal Joints are innervated by _________ of ________________

Back 226

articular branch of posterior ramus

Front 227

blood supply of cervical spine (2)

Back 227

Vertebral branches from aorta

ascending cervical arteries

Front 228

blood supply of thoracic spine (1)

Back 228

Posterior intercostal arteries

Front 229

blood supply of lumbar spine (2)

Back 229

Lumbar branches from aorta
subcostal arteries

Front 230

blood supply of sacral spine (2)

Back 230

Iliolumbar branches from aorta

sacral arteries

Front 231

veins inside the vertebral canal form a plexus called?

there's another one outside the vertebral canal called?

Back 231

internal vertebral plexus

external vertebral plexus

Front 232

muscles of erector spinae medial to lateral (3)

Back 232

spinalis
longissimus
ileocaustalis

Front 233

muscles of transversospinalis group (3, longest to shortest)

Back 233

semispinalis

multifidus

rotatores

Front 234

what is the divot in the head of femur referred to as?

Back 234

fovea

Front 235

bony prominence on medial surface of inferior end of femur

Back 235

adductor tubercle

Front 236

what does fossa mean? give two examples of fossas.

Back 236

a depression or hollow.

two examples: ischorectal fossa, intercondular fossa, iliac fossa, popliteal fossa

Front 237

what bridges the acetabular notch created by the space between the U shaped articular cartilage in the acetabulum?

Back 237

the transverse acetabular ligament

Front 238

what deepens the hip socket?

Back 238

acetabular labrum

Front 239

what is the feature at the superior end of the linea aspira?

Back 239

gluteal tubercle

Front 240

what is the feature at the inferior end of the linea aspira where it widens?

Back 240

popliteal surface

Front 241

a vertical line thats lateral to the psis and piis on the posterior surface of ilium

Back 241

posterior gluteal line

Front 242

posterior side of the ilium where the fossa would be on the front, this feature runs laterally

Back 242

anterior gluteal line

Front 243

a line on posterior hip bone running horizontally and separates ilium from ischium

Back 243

inferior gluteal line

Front 244

name of the articular cartilagenous surface on the acetabulum

Back 244

lunate surface

Front 245

coxa vara vs. coxa valga

Back 245

decreased angle between neck and shaft of femur (called inclination) (short leg)

vs.

increased angle of inclination (long leg)

Front 246

iliofemoral ligament limits what movement? where does the ligament run?

Back 246

hyperextension of the hip joint

from AIIS to intertrochanteric line

Front 247

what are the lines under your butt cheeks called (Surface anat?)

Back 247

gluteal folds

Front 248

gluteus maximus acts on hip joint (2 ways)

Back 248

lateral rotation
extension

because it attaches from posterior ileum and sacrum to IT tract and femur.

Front 249

whast is the nerve supply for glut max?

Back 249

inferior gluteal nerve

Front 250

glut med and glut min ______ the hip and _________ . (mnemonic for actions)

Back 250

abduct, rotate in

Front 251

what 6 deep muscles laterally rotate the hip joint

Back 251

piriformis
gemmellus superior inferior
obturator internus externus

quadratus femoris

Front 252

ACL attaches on the tibia (at the back or at the front)?

Back 252

at the front

Front 253

PCL attaches to tibia (at back/at front)?

Back 253

at back.

Front 254

a prominence on distal medial femur

Back 254

adductor tubercle

Front 255

what side of the patella is long and flat (ie. it will land on when placed on table)

Back 255

lateral

Front 256

adductor brevis and longus blood supply (2)

Back 256

femoral artery and obturator artery

Front 257

hamstrings blood supply (1)

Back 257

deep femoral artery

Front 258

what joint do the hamstrings act on? (hip/knee/both) action(s)?

Back 258

both.

hip extensor, knee flexor

Front 259

nerve supply of hamstring

Back 259

sciatic nerve

Front 260

what vertebral levels do sciatic nerve and tibial nerve come from? (5)

Back 260

L4 to S3

Front 261

which one of the quadriceps is a hip flexor?

Back 261

rectus femoris

Front 262

nerve and blood supply for quadriceps + sartorious? (2)

Back 262

femoral nerve, femoral artery

Front 263

what action do quadriceps do best?

Back 263

knee extension

Front 264

the actions of sartorious (4)

Back 264

HIP
lateral rotator, hip abductor, hip flexor

KNEE
knee flexor

Front 265

pectineus nerve supply, blood supply, actions (4)

Back 265

femoral nerve, oburator artery,

flex hip, adduct hip

Front 266

ileopsoas innervation, blood supply, actions (3)

Back 266

femoral nerve, medial femoral circumflex artery, flex hip (strong)

Front 267

what encloses the femoral artery and vein in the femoral triangle?

Back 267

femoral sheath

Front 268

what is purpose of femoral canal? drawback?

Back 268

allows femoral vein to expand

weak spot for femoral hernias

Front 269

nerve and blood supply to adductor brevis and longus (3)

Back 269

obturator nerve,

obturator artery, femoral artery

Front 270

what does the hamstring portion of adductor magnus do? what nerve it supplied by?

Back 270

extend hip, sciatic

Front 271

what muscles are the floor of adductor canal? (2)

Back 271

adductor longus and adductor magnus

Front 272

lateral circumflex artery supplies:

Back 272

anterior part of gluteal region

Front 273

what position is ankle joint most stable in?

Back 273

dorsiflexion

Front 274

transverse tarsal joints (2)

Back 274

calcaneocuboid joint, taleocalcaneonavicular joint

Front 275

3 joints that allow for inversion/eversion

Back 275

subtalar, taleocalcaneonavicular joint, calcaneocuboid joint

Front 276

what do tarsometatarsal joints allow for?

Back 276

your foot to wrap to the shape of the ground

Front 277

which tarsal connects with metatarsal 3?

Back 277

cuniform 3

Front 278

which tarsal conencts with metatarsal 4?

Back 278

cuboid

Front 279

lateral ligaments of ankle joint (3) and movement that stresses them (3)

Back 279

1) anterior taleofibular ligament (inversion when foor is plantarflexed)

2) posterior taleofibular ligament (inversion when foot is dorsiflexed)

3) calcaneofibular ligament (inversion when foot is in neutral position)

Front 280

what ligament prevents hypereversion of the foot?

Back 280

DELTOID

Front 281

actions of gastrocnemius (2)

Back 281

knee flexion (weak), plantarflexion

Front 282

tibialis posterior runs ____ to the ____ malleolus

Back 282

posterior to the medial

Front 283

mnemonic for the posterior side of the leg TENDONSSSSS and artery/nerve (5)

Back 283

TOM - tibilis anterior
DICK - extensor digitorum longus

AND - posterior tibular artery
NOT - deep filbular nerve
HARRY - extensor hallicus longus

Front 284

anterior tibeal will become??? as it goes into the foot

Back 284

dorsal pedis

Front 285

after anterior tibeal goes to the front of the leg what arteries is left at the back? (2)

Back 285

posterior tibeal

fibular!!!!!!!!!!!!

Front 286

which two muscles have tendons posterior to lateral maleolus?

Back 286

fibularis longus, fibularis brevis (deep to fibularis longus)

Front 287

which is the most lateral of the muscle tendons that passes anterior to the lateral malleolus?

Back 287

fibularis tertius

Front 288

what are the nerve and artery supply for lateral compartment of lower leg?

Back 288

nerve: superficial fibular nerve, artery: fibular artery

Front 289

what is the nerve and artery supply for fibularis teritius?

Back 289

deep fibular nerve, anterior tibial artery

Front 290

what is the action of lumbricals? (2)

Back 290

make a tent (flex MTPjoint, extend proximal interphalangeal joint)

Front 291

do deep or superficial veins guide the lymph drainage in the leg?

Back 291

superficial

Front 292

deep fibular nerve has what dermatome on the surface of foot?

Back 292

space between the big toe and the 2nd toe (dorsal)

Front 293

what nerves are the two relevant dermatomes on the bottom of the foot foot coming from?

where is the line on plantar surface of foot where the dermatomes switch?

Back 293

medial plantar nerve, lateral plantar nerve

down the middle of the 4th toe (ring toe)

Front 294

the dermatome on the majority of the dorsal surface of the foot correlates with which nerve?

Back 294

superficial tibular nerve

Front 295

name two muscles involved in inversion of the foot

Back 295

tibilus anterior, tibialis posterior

Front 296

lateral longitudinal arch vs. medial longitudinal arch vs. transverse arch (the bones that make them)

Back 296

calcaneous, cuboid, metatarsals 4 and 5

vs.

calcaneous, navicular, cuniforms, metatarsals 1-3

vs.

cuboid, cuniforms, metatarsals

Front 297

(spring) ligament does what.

where does it connect?

Back 297

maintains the arch in foot.

calcaneous and navicular

Front 298

the ligament that wraps around the tendons passing from leg to foot medially.

it creates the ____________ tunnel

Back 298

flexor retinaculum.

it creates the tarsal tunnel

Front 299

ligaments of sole of foot (3)

Back 299

plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring)

tendon of fibularis longus

long plantar ligament

Front 300

what nerve and artery supply the quadratus plantus?

Back 300

lateral plantar nerve and artery

Front 301

ligament that connects the lamina of adjacent vertebrae

Back 301

ligamentum flavum

Front 302

the end of the spinal cord where there's no nerves and only pia mater

Back 302

filum terminale

Front 303

sutures in the skull are an example of what type of joint?

Back 303

fibrous

Front 304

which type of joint permits growth of long bones?

what material connects the articulating bones?

Back 304

primary cartilaginous joints

hyaline cartilage connects the articulating bones

Front 305

what type of cartilage connects two bones in a secondary cartilaginous joint?

Back 305

fibrous cartilage

Front 306

the pubic symphysis is an example of what type of joint?

Back 306

2ndary cartilaginous joint, connected by fibrous cartilage

Front 307

layers to a synovial joint capsule (2)

Back 307

1) synovial membrane (produces synovial fluid)

2) fibrous layer

Front 308

extrinsic vs. intrinsic ligaments

Back 308

extrinsic ligaments reinforce the joint by connecting neighboring bones

intrinsic ligamnets reinforce the joint by connecting between the two bones involved in the joint directly.

Front 309

membranous sacs lined by synovial layer, containing egg-white consistency fluid

Back 309

bursae

Front 310

the name of the cartilage on acetabulum that provides depth for the femur head

Back 310

labrum

Front 311

name the 3 axis and the corresponding planes that would spin around them (like a pencil stuck in a wheel)

Back 311

longitudinal axis, transverse plane

saggital axis, coronal plane

coronal axis, saggital plane

Front 312

abduction occurs around a ______ axis in the _______ plane

Back 312

saggital axis in the coronal plane

Front 313

flexion occurs around a ______ axis in the _______ plane

Back 313

coronal axis in the saggital plane

Front 314

internal rotation occurs around a _______ axis in the ______ plane

Back 314

longitudinal axis in the transverse plane

Front 315

name two uniaxial synovial joint types

Back 315

hinge joint (taleocrural joint)

pivot joint (medial atlantoaxial joint)

Front 316

name two biaxial joint types

Back 316

condyloid joint

saddle joint

Front 317

name two multiaxial joint types

Back 317

plane joint

ball and socket joint (hip joint)

Front 318

fat that hangs off large intestine

Back 318

epiploic appendages

Front 319

vaginal mucus. name the two types, what they do, and how they get converted in between (6)

Back 319

1) G type mucus
- inhibits the sperm from passing through
gets converted to E type mucus by Estrogen

2) E type mucus
- allows the sperm to pass through
gets converted to G type mucus by Progesterone

Front 320

lumbosacral trunk comes from which levels of vertebrae? and join with what to make sciatic nerve?

Back 320

L4 L5

joins with S1 S2 and S3 to make sciatic nerve

Front 321

drop foot is most often the result of damage to __________

Back 321

common fibular nerve

Front 322

the pointy things in the middle of back of sacrum are called

Back 322

median sacral crest

Front 323

upside down parabola shape at bottom of sacrum

Back 323

sacral hiatus

Front 324

PSIS dimples on skin are at what vertebral level?

Back 324

L5

Front 325

trendelenburg sign: if left hip drops when walking that means ________________ (muscles) are not working

Back 325

RIGHT glut med and minimus