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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Daily volume of saliva
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1000 ml
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daily volume of gastric secretion
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1500 ml
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daily volume of pancreatic secretion
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1000ml
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daily volume of bile
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1000 ml
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Daily volume of small intestines
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1800 ml
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daily volume of brunner's gland
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200 ml
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daily volume of large intestines
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200 ml
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What is disease due to overproduction of HCl or pepsin where the LES or Cardiac sphincter becomes incompetent
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GERD
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Treatment of GERD
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antacids, H2 blockers, elevate HOB, H atpase blocker
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what are some H atpase blockers
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prilosec, prevacid, nexium
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What antibiotic is used for treatment of H. Pylori
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clarithromycin (biaxin)
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First part of the small intestines
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duodenum
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How long is the duodenum
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1 foot
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How long jejunum and ileum together
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8-10 feet
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Distance from pyloric valve to ileocecal valve
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10-12 feet
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Why does the mucosa become folded in the small intestines
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to increase available surface area for absorption
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Folds of kerckring increase surface are by ?
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3 x
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Villi on folds increase surface area by
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30x-300x
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Micro villi increase surface area by
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600-1000x
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Each microvilli has its own??
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arterial supply and lymphatic system
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what are stomach noises called
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borborygms
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Where are brunner's glands found
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only in the first part of the duodenum (first few inches)
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What are brunner's glands
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a shallow gland that secretes mucus in an alkaline solution that protects the duodenum from the acid chyme
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What are deep crypts in small intestines between villi where lots of secretion occurs
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Crypts of Lieberkuhn
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What does crypts of lieberkuhn secrete
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isotonic fluid, Na, Cl, K, water, mucus
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Two types of movements of the small intestines
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Peristalsis
Segmentation waves |
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how many cm do peristalic waves move per wave
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2-5 cm at a time
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What are segmentation waves
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small contractions about 1 cm long that occur randomly, backwards and forwards to mix and chop food
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What stimulates segmentation waves
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spontaneous when food enters the duodenum
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What stimulates peristalsis
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stretch or vagus nerve stimulation
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What hormone causes the gallbladder to contract
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Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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Cholecystokinin causes....
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gallbladder to contract, decreases stomach contractions, results in ejection of bile, stimulates the production of pancreatic hormones and enzymes that help with digestion
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What does secretin stimulate
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the liver to increase total production of bile salts and acids, and the pancreas to increase watery secretion
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How many cm are peristalic rush waves
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20-30 cm at a time
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What is motilin
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released by duodenum to increase intestinal motility
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What inhibits acid secretion in the stomach and inhibits motility
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GIP
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Trypsin breaks down ____
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proteins
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Amylase breaks down____
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carbs
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Lipase breaks down _____
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Fats primarily triglycerides
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What reflex cause ileum to start movement to push chyme to large bowel
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Gastroileal reflex
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What reflex gives us the urge to defecate
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Gastrocolic Reflex
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Starchs are broken down into what
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simple sugars (maltose)
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What is salivary amylase and how much of the CHO does it break down
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Ptylin
20-40% |
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Where does amylase come from and how much CHO does it break down
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pancreas
50-80% |
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What makes up the glycocalyx
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Maltase
Lactase Sucrase Enterokinase |
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Maltose breaks down to
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glucose and glucose
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Lactase breaks down to
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galactose and glucose
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Sucrase breaks down to
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fructose and glucose
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Most (80-90%) of the carbs breaks down to what
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glucose
the rest will be galactose and fructose |
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How are galactose and glucose absorbed across the gut wall
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by transport of Na/Glucose linked transporters
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How is fructose absorbed
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the same way as glucose but inside the cell it is converted to glucose
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What enzyme breaks down proteins to proteases, peptone, and polypeptides
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Pepsin -found in stomach
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4 Pancreatic enzymes that continue to break down proteins to polypeptides and amino acids
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trypsin
chymotrysin carboxypolypeptidase proelastase |
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What are peptidases
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located in glycocalyx of the microvilli that continues to break down proteins to amino acids
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how are amino acids transported
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utilizing Na carriers
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where does lipase begin working
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in the stomach
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What does lipase from the pancreas do
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breaks down triglycerides to monoglycerides and 2 free fatty acids
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What is a micelle
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bile acids and bile salts from the liver surrounds lipids, fatty acids adn triglycerides because they are not water soluble
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What happens when micelles coated with bile salts fuse with the cell membrane
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Fatty acids are released into the interior of the cells
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What happens to fatty acids and monoglycerides once inside the cell
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they are resynthesized into triglycerides and packaged by the ER into chylomicrons and sent to the lymphatic system
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What does the liver secrete into the hepatic duct
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bile salts and acids
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What does the gall bladder connect to
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the cystic duct
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Hepatic and cystic duct empty to the
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common bile duct
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what does the common bile duct join
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the pancreatic duct and travels to the intestines
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what is an opening into the small intestines
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papilla of Vater
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what surrounds the papilla of Vater
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Sphincter of Oddi
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what is steatorrhea
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fatty stool
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Difference between endocrine and exocrine
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endocrine- secrete directly from cell into blood or body fluid
exocrine- secrete via a duct into an orifice |
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is the pancrease and endocrine or exocrine gland
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both
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Two type of malabsorption syndrome
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Tropical Sprue
Glutens disease |
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What is an infectious agent in the small intestines that cause loss of mucosal cells, pain, diarrhea, fever, loss of villi and malnutrition
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tropical sprue
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What is glutens disease
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allergy to glutens(wheat products) that can result in irritation of the intestinal wall and loss of villi
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What causes blind loop syndrome
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bacterial contamination of a segment of small intestine caused by intestinal surgery or a restricted or obstructed segment of bowel
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When do you see dumping syndrome
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with partial or complete gastrectomy when food goes immediately to the small intestine
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What are some problems seen with dumping syndrome
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hypertonic fluid in the intestines cause a rapid absorption of sugar - rebound hypoglycemia. also causes fluid loss, dehydration, hypotension, tachycardia and shock by pulling alot of water into the intestines
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What is a bacteria found in contaminated drinking water that produces a toxin
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Vibrio cholerae
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What happens with Cholera
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the toxin enters krypt cells and stimulates increase activity of the chloride pump causing increased loss of fluid resulting in dehydration and death in a few days
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What causes pancreatic cholera
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a tumor of the islet cells of the pancreas that produces large amounts of VIP
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Most common cause of pancreatitis
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ETOH
second most cause is cholelithiasis |
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What is pancreatitis
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inflammation of pancreatic duct that causes fluid to back up into the pancreas causing edema, necrosis, and may lead to peritonitis-
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what happens to the protective mechanisms in pancreatitis
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they become overwhelmed and the trypsin starts eating at the pancreas
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How much fluid enters the large intestines each day via the ileocecal valve
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500-1000 ml
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how much fluid does the large intestine absorb daily
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450-500 ml of water
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portions of the large intestine
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ascending
transverse descending sigmoid |
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What is taneia coli
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the longitudinal muscle layer of the large intestine that is incomplete- 3 strips of muscle running down the sides of the colon
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types of motility of the colon
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segmentation
peristalsis |
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What are haustrations
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due to segmentations and the incomplete muscle layer in the colon bulges or outpouching is formed
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how many mls a day of waste product is formed
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150 ml
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what is a normal inhabitant of the large bowel
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E Coli
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What is weaking of the wall of the large bowel causing protrusions, irritation and infection
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diverticuli
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Difference between crohns disease and ulcerative colitis
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Crohns disease involves all layers of the colon while ulcerative colitis involves only the mucosal layer
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What is crohn's disease
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inflammation due to bacteria/virus that causes lesions to appear, pain, diarrhea, sloughing of tissue, water loss, fever- can involve upper small intestines to lower bowel
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Where is ulcerative colitis generally found
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rectum and descending colon
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what is megacolon/hirschsprungs disease
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genetic absence of myenteric plexus, no motility, decrease in frequency of defecation so colon enlarges with fecal material
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