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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the composition of saliva
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ECF, Mucus, ptyalin,
electrolytes, Lysozymes, Iodine, Blood group substance |
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As saliva passes down the duct there is active secretion of what?
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K
HCO3 |
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As saliva passes down the duct there is active reabsorption of what
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Na
Cl |
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The final product of saliva is what type of solution
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Hypotonic, but high in K (20-25 mEq/L) and Bicarb (40-50mEq/L)
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Another name for Ptyalin and what is it?
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Amylase- enzyme that breaks down carbs as soon as the saliva is mixed with food
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What are lysozymes?
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Special enzymes that lyse bacteria
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What glands trap and concentrate iodine?
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Salivary and Thyroid glands
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What is painful stones in the salivary glands or ducts that blocks secretion and causes enlargement of the gland?
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Sialolithiasis
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What causes sialolithiasis?
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Imbalance of electrolytes
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Viral infection of the parotid glands
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Mumps
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What is Xerostomia?
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Dry mouth syndrome
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An autoimmune disease that produces antibodies against salivary and lacrimal glands
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Sjogren's Syndrome
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Damage to what nerves can cause difficulty swallowing or dysphagia
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CN V, IX, X
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Cancer or Radiation of the salivary glands can cause...
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Damage to salivary tissue
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What disorders can cause difficulty swallowing due to muscle weakness
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Myasthenia gravis
Botulism poisoning (blocks Ach release) |
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What is achlasia?
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a condition of the lower esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter in which the sphincter will not relax
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What is the treatment for achlasia
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meds that inhibit smooth muscle contraction, balloon dilation of the esophagus, or myotomy- making a slit in the circular muscle
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What is Barretts esophagus
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condition where squamous cells become columnar cells from chronic efflux which can become a carcinoma
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The fundus functions as one unit with what?
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Corpus
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The Antrium functions as one unit with what?
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Pylorus
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Where are Oxyntic glands found?
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in corpus and fundus
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What is the corpus of the stomach
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the body
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What is the indentation on the lesser curvature of the stomach called
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Angular notch or inciisura angularis
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What are rugal folds
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folds of tissue inside the stomach aka magenstrausse
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What do Oxyntic glands secreete
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HCl, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus
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What do mucous neck cells secrete
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mucus
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What do peptic/chief cells secrete
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pepsinogen and a small amount of lipase
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What is the pH of the stomach
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1.0
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at what pH is lipase active
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pH of 6.0
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What happens when pepsinogen meets HCl and a pH < 3
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changed to pepsin which breaks down proteins
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Another name for Oxyntic cells
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parietal cells
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What is intrinsic factor
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essential for the absorption of vitamin B 12
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Where is Vitamin B 12 complex absorbed
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in the ileum then vitamin B12 is released into the blood
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What picks up and transports V B12
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Transcobalanin
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How much B12 is in the liver at a time
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4-5 months worth
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What does B12 do
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icreases maturation and release of RBC from marrow
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What do mast cell/ enterochromafin-like cell (ECL) secrete
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Histamine
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Where are pyloric glands located
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in the antrum
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What do pyloric glands secrete
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mainly mucus and some gastrin
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What do G-cells secrete
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gastrin
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What does gastrin stimulate
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HCl
motility secretion of pepsinogen in the stomach |
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What happens when liquid enters the stomach
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it runs quickly down the rugal folds and empties quickly in 15-30 minutes
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How long does solid food stay in the stomach
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2-4 hrs because the pyloric sphincter is closed
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HCL starts the digestion process by doing what?
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breaking down all three food types via acid hydrolysis
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Where is HCL produced
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in the parietal cells
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What is the stimulus for HCl secretion
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PSNS (Ach) stimulation- via Vagus nerve
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Presence of food in the stomach activates what cell
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G-cell - causing the release of gastrin which acts as Ach via Ca influx and activation of protein kinase
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Histamine is released from ECL cells in response to what and binds to what
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PSNS stimulation- binds to H2 receptor and via G protein results in ATP- cAMP which activates protein kinase
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Without what there is reduced secretion of HCl
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Ach
histamine gastrin |
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Where are H2 receptors located
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on the surface of parietal cells
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What does pepsin breakdown
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protein bonds
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The parietal cells secretes HCl into where using what mechanism
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the lumen of the gut. the mechanism involves the splitting of water
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What is the concentration difference between the plasma and the lumen of the stomach
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1:1 million
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PSNS (Vagus) does what to secretion, motility, pepsin, and mucus
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Secretion +
Motility + pepsin + Mucus + |
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SNS does what to secretion, motility, pepsin, and mucus
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Secretion -
Motility - pepsin - Mucus + |
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What are the phases of gastric secretion
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Cephalic phase
Gastric phase Intestinal phase |
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Describe the Cephalic Phase
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before eating- just smelling food stimulates the vagus nerve stimulates the stomach to begin secreting HCl, pepsin and cause a little motility
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Describe the Gastric Phase
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begin eating, local nervous reflexes from enteric nervous system, vagal reflexes, and gastrin-histamine stimulation
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Describe the Intestinal Phase
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When food passes pyloric valve into duodenum. This is sensed by the enteric nervous system and teh small bowel will release gastrin and GIP
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What is GIP
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Gastric inhibitory peptide- goes to the antrum and body and inhibits gastrin secretion of HCl
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What are the phases of gastric secretion
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Cephalic phase
Gastric phase Intestinal phase |
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Describe the Cephalic Phase
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before eating- just smelling food stimulates the vagus nerve stimulates the stomach to begin secreting HCl, pepsin and cause a little motility
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Describe the Gastric Phase
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begin eating, local nervous reflexes from enteric nervous system, vagal reflexes, and gastrin-histamine stimulation
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Describe the Intestinal Phase
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When food passes pyloric valve into duodenum. This is sensed by the enteric nervous system and teh small bowel will release gastrin and GIP
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What is GIP
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Gastric inhibitory peptide- goes to the antrum and body and inhibits gastrin secretion of HCl
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what stimulates GIP
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acid and fats
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Where is the pacemaker of the stomach located
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at the incisuria angularis
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What excites the pacemaker
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the first little bit of food that reaches the stomach causes contraction from the notch to the pyloric valve- mixing the food contents
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What must be met for the pyloric valve to open
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Osmolarity 300mOsmol/L
paste like fluidity of teh food pH <4.0 |
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how much "food" will go through the pyloric valve at a time
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5-10 mls- limited to the BER
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What is the antiperistaltic mechanism resulting from a stimulation of the chemoreceptor zone in the medulla
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vomiting
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What is lost with vomiting
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Water
acid potassium |
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vomiting be triggered by
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morphine, dig overdose, pleasure drugs, cortex (sights and smells), GI irritation, gastritis, vestibular apparatus
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What happens during vomiting
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Hypersalivation
Soft palate elevation Glottis is closed Esophageal dilation Maximal contraction of abs and diaphragm |
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What accelerates emptying rate
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hypotonic solution
sugars and starches liquids increased volume |
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What causes intermediate emptying rates
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Isotonic solution
proteins semisolids |
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What rertards emptying rate
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Hypertonic solution
fats solids |
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Prostaglandin E2 is important in controlling what
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acid secretion- helps form more mucus
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What are some causes of ulcers
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stress
H. pylori Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
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What causes stress ulcers
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increased activity of the vagal nerve during stress that overwhelms the mucosa and decrease in mucus secretion and increase in HCl secretion assoc. with the use fo ASA, NSAIDs
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What is H pylori
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a bacteria that is found in the antrum that breaks down the mucosa layer
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What is Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
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tumor of the G-cells or gastrin secreting cells which causes increased HCl causing erosion and ulceration
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G-cell tumors are most often found where
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in the pancreas
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