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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Liberman et al. (1967) Are human infants specialized for speech? |
Participants ability to categorise sounds was checked by giving them synthesized versions that differed by small increments over a continuum of b to p. People did impose discrete categories on this acoustic continuum of what identified as either a b or a p. This categorical perception of sounds allows speakers to ignore all kinds of small variations in pronunciation as well as variations due to the phonetic surroundings provided by other sounds. As in adults, sounds are ‘grouped’ into broad categories therefore reducing the problem of invariance to some degree. Infants display categorical perception from a YOUNG AGE - strongly suggests that human infants are specialized in some way for the perception of speech |
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Eimas et al. (1971) /pa/ and /ba/ |
INNATE Infants display categorical perception of /pa/ - /ba/ from one month of age |
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Eimas et al. (1974) place of articulation |
INNATE Studies also indicate that some distinctions can be made at birth |
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Jusczyk (1997) hearing system |
NOT INNATE other species display categorical perception and that this skill is not language specific indicates that categorical perception is a feature of the hearing system, not on any specialization in humans just for the processing of speech sounds. |
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Saffran et al. (1996) words and part-words |
PATTERN IDENTIFICATION - recognise trisyllabic words Artificial language made up of a stream of three-syllable nonsense words compared the infants response to words vs. part-words (sequence that crosses a word boundary) Infants recognised the words (bidaku, golabu) but not non-words (e.g. dakupa). Reliably discriminate words from part-words even after brief exposure, a child can segment continuous speech based on the transitional probabilities of constituent syllable pairs. Infants also display strong sensitivity to recurring patterns of speech sounds by 8 months of age |
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Werker and Tees (1984) Development Pattern - reorganization in perceptual biases |
Canadian infants from English-speaking households were tested on their ability to discriminate three contrats 1) English place of articulation contrast of /ba/ and /ga/ 2) Hindi retroflex vs. dental stop contrast in /ta/ and /ta/ 6-8 months can perceive contrasts between native and non-native phonetic segments 10-12 months infants can only discriminate contrast from their target language (the language that they have been exposed to) eg. English-speaking infants/ba/ /ga/ = fine but /ta/ /ta/ (Hindi) = not identified infants skills gradually of phonetic contrast are becoming LANGUAGE SPECIFIC perceptual reorganization in perceptual biases |
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Jusczyk et al. (1993) Word Stress |
Majority of English words place stress on the FIRST syllable Looks at US English-speaking infants Do they listen longer to sequences with a strong-weak stress pattern or to sequences with a weak-strong stress pattern? Preferences for a strong-weak pattern can help with identification of those sound sequences from words 6 months = no preference 9 months = listened longer/preference to strong-weak stress patterns, more exposure to the input Preference for sound sequences increases as of the exposure to the input INCREASES |
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Swingley & Aslin (2002) Storing Words |
by 11 months infants treat words with mispronounced onsets in the same way as non-words Indicates that infants are storing words with a considerable amount of phonetic detail. |
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Berko & Brown (1960) Fis' Phenomenon |
mismatch between children’s production of lexical items and their representation in the lexicon/memory. young children’s representation and perception of word forms does not always mirror their production child’s representation of the word is closer to the target (adult-version), due to how the representation is based on the adults production of words, than their own reproduction of the item. EVIDENCE: that children from a young age store target-like representations of lexical items and fine-grained representations as the child gets older as of discriminations between contrasts in their language |
