Speech Exam Review Cards

Front 1

Spectral Analysis

Back 1

Breaks down a complex sound waveform into the sum of sinusoidal oscillations and represents each oscillation in terms of its frequency and amplitude

Front 2

Fundamental frequency

Back 2

Repetition or 'pitch frequency': conveys info about gender, size and prosody (emphasis)

Front 3

Formant Frequencies

Back 3

frequencies of major resonance; identifies the vowel (peaks)

Front 4

Harmonics

Back 4

integer multiples of fundamental frequency (underlying structure)

Front 5

Broadband

Back 5

Having a wide range of frequencies

Front 6

Periodic/aperiodic

Back 6

repeating/nonrepeating waveforms

Front 7

Vowels

Back 7

tend to be periodic, low frequency

Front 8

Consonants

Back 8

tend to be aperiodic, high frequency

Front 9

Speech Spectogram

Back 9

Plot frequency over Time

Front 10

Acoustic Phonetics

Back 10

The study of sound waves made by the human vocal organs for communication

Front 11

Segmentation

Back 11

words have no clear beginning and end in the acoustic speech stream

Front 12

Talker variability

Back 12

the same word differs acoustically when spoken by different individuals

Front 13

Context variability

Back 13

the same speech sound differs acoustically depending upon where it occurs in the speech stream (coarticulation)

Front 14

Coarticulation

Back 14

the coordination of speech articulators in the production of speech. The vowel "o" sounds different in pot than pon

Front 15

Role of Fundamental frequency?

Back 15

Pitch

Front 16

Role of Formant transitions?

Back 16

Speech recognition

Front 17

Line spectra

Back 17

A description of the spectra of vowel sounds owing to their rough periodicity

Front 18

Turbulence spectra

Back 18

A description of the spectra of most consonant sounds owing to their nonperiodicity

Front 19

Problems of speech recognition

Back 19

Segmentation, talker variability, context variability

Front 20

Responsibility of Respiratory System (speech anatomy)

Back 20

Power supply for speech production. Controls loudness of speech

Front 21

Responsibility of Larynx (speech anatomy)

Back 21

Source spectrum for speech. Controls pitch of speech

Front 22

Responsibility of Vocal Tract Shape (speech anatomy)

Back 22

Source filter of speech. Produces different vowels and consonants.

Front 23

Filter

Back 23

A resonant system or medium that responds selectivity to frequency

Front 24

Forced Vibration

Back 24

Vibration driven by an applied force

Front 25

Principle of Resonance

Back 25

The response of a resonant system to a sinusoid an amplitude-scaled version of that sinusoid

Front 26

Filter function

Back 26

Gives the amplitude-scaling at each frequency

Front 27

Resonance Frequency

Back 27

Frequency of maximum response

Front 28

Speech Anatomy

Back 28

The air column of the vocal tract is a spring. The shape of the vocal tract determines the resonant frequencies

Front 29

Glottal-Pulse Spectrum as source

Back 29

The sound source for speech is a train of glottal pulses produced by the motion of the vocal folds

Front 30

Vocal tract as filter

Back 30

Glottal-pulse source spectrum is filtered by vocal tract. Vocal tract shape determines filter function

Front 31

Source-filter theory for vowels

Back 31

vowel is product of glottal-pulse source spectrum and vocal-tract filter function

Front 32

Consonants

Back 32

Speech sound resulting from air turbulence created by constriction of vocal tract

Front 33

Prosody

Back 33

Pitch, loudness and rhythm cues provided by voice

Front 34

Filtered Speech

Back 34

Low and high pass filtering of speech has little effect on intelligibility. Different parts of the speech spectrum are adequate for speech to be understood

Front 35

Clipped Speech

Back 35

Also referred to as 1-bit speech. Sound wave has only two values, +1 and -1. Yet, the speech is still quite intelligible

Front 36

Interrupted Speech

Back 36

Speech is hardly intelligible when interrupted with silent gaps, but becomes more intelligible when noise fills gaps. The effect is referred to as phonemic restoration

Front 37

Time-reversed speech

Back 37

Reversing brief time segments of the speech waveform has little effect on intelligibility

Front 38

Speech in a Reverberant Environment

Back 38

Intelligibility of speech is little affected by reverberation

Front 39

5 ways we segregate speech from background noise

Back 39

Structure/Pattern, Redundancy, Differences in frequency, Amplitude modulation, Differences in Timbre

Front 40

The McGurk Effect

Back 40

What you see is what you hear

Front 41

Categorical Perception

Back 41

Differences among sounds that fall into different categories are exaggerated. Differences among sounds that fall into the category are minimized

Front 42

Stuttering

Back 42

a disorder of fluency (i.e., of the “time
aspect” of speech) in which the speaker’s behavior
does not meet societal expectations for speech
production within an “acceptable” time frame.

Front 43

Prevalence of Stuttering

Back 43

~1%

Front 44

Incidence of Stuttering

Back 44

~5%

Front 45

Male:Female Ratio of stuttering

Back 45

3:2

Front 46

Important parts of the brain for speech

Back 46

Broca's area, motor cortex, wernicke's area

Front 47

Frontal Lobe

Back 47

The "executive" part of the brain speech expression

Front 48

Parietal Lobe

Back 48

Sensory processing and integration

Front 49

Occipital Lobe

Back 49

Vision

Front 50

Temporal Lobe

Back 50

Audition and speech comprehension

Front 51

Lesions

Back 51

Correlations of functional disturbances with regions of damage (Tono-Tono example)

Front 52

Broca'sAphasia

Back 52

Expressive language not being able to be made by person (tono-tono example)

Front 53

Wernicke's Aphasia

Back 53

has difficulty coming up with and idea. Can't communicate

Front 54

Single disassociation

Back 54

Lesion to brain area A disrupts function x but not Y

Front 55

Double disassociation

Back 55

Lesion to brain area B disrupts function Y and not X

Front 56

Penfield and Roberts

Back 56

Stimulatioin of exposed brain to observe responses

Front 57

Single unit electrod recordings

Back 57

(nerve fiber) auditory nerve

Front 58

Brain Imaging

Back 58

Image during tasks, Structural/Functional

Front 59

Left hemisphere dominance for

Back 59

right handed individuals

Front 60

Broca's area

Back 60

speech production

Front 61

Wernicke's area

Back 61

speech comprehension

Front 62

Functional Imaging Techniques

Back 62

Chemical actions, electrical activity, magnetic fields

Front 63

Voice

Back 63

The sound produced by the vocal organs of a vertebrate, especially a human. Expiration of air through vibrating vocal folds, used in the production of vowels and voiced consonants.

Front 64

Voice Disorder

Back 64

Abnormal voice quality resulting from anatomic, physiologic, or psychogenic causes. Voices that draws attention to itself.

Front 65

Voice that draws attention itself

Back 65

Pitch, loudness, quality, inappropriate, hinders occupational demands, fatigue, projection, range, unattractive

Front 66

Prevalence among children and adults

Back 66

Children:5-24%
Adult:3-15%

Front 67

Larynx

Back 67

Spans space between 3rd and 6th cervical vertabrate

Front 68

Valvular Mechanism

Back 68

Protects airway

Front 69

Larynx composition

Back 69

Cartilage, connective tissue, muscle

Front 70

Cartilages

Back 70

Provides laryngeal
framework, Supports tissue, Protects soft tissue, Provides leverage to transmit muscle forces

Front 71

Imaging the larynx

Back 71

Indirect mirror exam, Stroboscopy, High Speed Video, Direct Exam in OR

Front 72

Air Pressure

Back 72

force that causes folds to be blown open; intertia and elasticity are forces that bring them together

Front 73

Typical Man and Women Frequencies

Back 73

Men: 100 Hz
Women: 200 Hz

Front 74

How Laryngeal Disorders occur

Back 74

Trauma, Diseases, Lesions, reflux, idiopathic, neurological, functional, injury, psychogenic

Front 75

Common Laryngeal Disorders

Back 75

Laryngitis (chronic
and acute), Mass lesions
(nodules, polyps), Paralysis, Neurological-
Muscular, Spasmodic
dysphonia, Muscle Tension, Cancer

Front 76

Treatment of Voice Disorder

Back 76

Behavioral modification, Medical management, Phonosurgery, Psychotherapy/counseling, Combination of treatments

Front 77

Delayed vs. Different development

Back 77

Delayed- follows typical pattern of development but proceeds late.
Different - follows an atypical pattern of development, e.g. errors are idiosyncratic

Front 78

Common Phonological errors

Back 78

deletions or substitutions so as to simplify articulation

Front 79

Phonology

Back 79

Speech Sounds

Front 80

Importance of Swallowing

Back 80

Eating and Drinking, Health, Pleasure, Comfort, Central to any culture & life, family, friends

Front 81

Swallowing Disorder

Back 81

loss of ability to eat and drink

Front 82

Swallowing Disorders cause...

Back 82

Misery, poor nutrition, loss of health, malnutrition, dehydration

Front 83

Nervous system integrates multiple functions

Back 83

Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Airway

Front 84

Sensations

Back 84

trigger swallowing or modulate the swallow

Front 85

Oral Phase

Back 85

Lips, tongue, jaw, soft palate, bolus preparation, bolus propulsion

Front 86

Pharyngeal Swallow

Back 86

Pharyngeal propulsion, laryngeal elevation protects airway, upper esophaogeal sphincter opens, velopharyngeal

Front 87

Phayrngeal Transit

Back 87

Back of tongue to esophagus, One second

Front 88

Risks of Swallowing Disorder

Back 88

Brain injury, disorder, parkinson's, premature birth, brain tumor, cancer in area, alzheimer's disease, stroke

Front 89

Craniofacial Anomalies

Back 89

Structural and/or functional deformities affecting the head (cranium) and/or face.

Front 90

Speech disorders due to Craniofacial Anomalies

Back 90

Deformation of the nasal and oral cavities or speech articulators, weakness of the muscles, deformation of middle/inner ear

Front 91

Causes of Craniofacial

Back 91

Genetic, Mechanical, Disease, Environment

Front 92

Treacher-Collins Syndrome

Back 92

Cause: Genetic mutation on chromosome 5
(fetal growth, Parkinson’s disease)
Incidence: Rare. 1 in 10,000 births.
Physical features: Sunken facial profile; Downslanting eyes; small malformed pinnae,
Middle ear deformation.
Speech: Disorders are common due to hearing loss (deformation of middle/inner ear).

Front 93

Crouzon Syndrome

Back 93

Cause: Genetic mutation on chromosome 10
(fetal growth)
Incidence: Rare. 1 in 25,000 births.
Physical features: Forward jutting lower jaw,
high arched palate, widely-spaced protruding
eyes, beak-like nose, middle-ear disorders
Speech: Disorders due to hearing loss
(Meniere’s disease), also high arched palate
and/or small nasal cavity

Front 94

Hemifacial Microsomia

Back 94

Cause: Limited blood supply to the face due to
clotting in the womb; physical trauma or possibly
heredity
Incidence: 1 in 4,000 births
Physical features: Deformation of lower half of
face, typically one side
Speech: Difficulties due to conductive hearing
loss and/or deformation of speech articulators.

Front 95

Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate

Back 95

Cause: Genetic or mechanical, Environmental
factors may also interact
Incidence: 1 in 700; Less in Afro-Americans,
Most common craniofacial anomaly, Fourth
most common birth defect
Physical features: Separation (cleft) of upper lip
most typical. May also include soft palate and
pharnyx.
Speech: Resonance disorders, Hypernasality

Front 96

The Velopharyngeal Valve

Back 96

Controls the airflow
through the nasal
cavity. Soft palate (velum)
is pressed against
the back wall of the
throat (pharynx)

Front 97

Velopharyngeal Valve in Speech

Back 97

Soft palate closes off the nasal cavity for all
sounds in English except for the nasal sounds
/m,n/ and “ing”. This allows air from the lungs to pass through
the vocal folds into the mouth where pressure
can be built up for all other sounds in English
(p,b,t,d,k,g,s,f,z,sh)

Front 98

Hypernasality

Back 98

Too much air through the nose during speech

Front 99

Hyponasality

Back 99

Too little air through the nose
during speech

Front 100

Nasometer

Back 100

Measures air pressure in nasal and oral cavity

Front 101

Videoendoscopy

Back 101

A procedure whereby video is made of the nasal and
oral cavity using a camera and light attached at end of
tube that inserted through the nose.

Front 102

Videoflouroscopy

Back 102

A motion picture X-Ray of the nasal and oral cavity

Front 103

Auditory Assessment

Back 103

How the child’s speech sounds to the ear

Front 104

Dysarthia

Back 104

a speech production disorder
resulting from paralysis or weakness of the
muscles of the face or mouth.

Front 105

Apraxia

Back 105

a speech production disorder
resulting from loss of the ability to coordinate
sequential muscular movements. Muscles
are not impaired.

Front 106

Characteristics of Dysarthia

Back 106

Difficulty with pronunciation, Consistent errors, Slurred or “drunk” speech, Weak or soft speech, Forced, slow rate of speech, Hypernasality

Front 107

Characteristics of Apraxia

Back 107

Difficulty putting syllables together in
the correct order, Inconsistent errors, Syllable repetitions, additions,
transpositions, prolongations, omissions, Greater difficulty with longer phrases, Normally production of rote phrases

Front 108

Causes of Motor Speech Disorder

Back 108

Disease, Physical Injury, Drug Use

Front 109

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Front 110

Parkinson's Disease

Front 111

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

Front 112

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Front 113

Traumatic Brain Injury

Front 114

Childhood Apraxia

Front 115

Speech Intelligibility

Back 115

The percentage of spoken words you can identify correctly, is a measure used to assess the severity of motor speech disorders

Front 116

Acute conditions

Back 116

cerebral palsy, brain injury, developmental apraxia

Front 117

Degenerative conditions

Back 117

ALS, MS, Parkinsons

Front 118

Pitch and amp of voice

Back 118

determined respectively by strecthing of and force of air through the vocal folds

Front 119

Dysphonia

Back 119

hoarseness of speech

Front 120

Causes of Voice Disorders

Back 120

emotional stress, vocal fold polyps, nodules, overuse, reflux, paralysis, laryngitis

Front 121

Chronic voice disorder

Back 121

Long term

Front 122

Acute voice disorder

Back 122

Short term

Front 123

Two goals of acoustic phonetics

Front 124

Degenerative

Back 124

progressive deterioration over time.

Front 125

Developmental

Back 125

Occurs during pre- or early postnatal development