Spd: General

Front 1

Storm Sewers Manholes

Back 1

Must be placed min. 500 feet apart.

Front 2

Slope on the road

Back 2

Min. 1/4 in per 1 foot. from center of the road.

Front 3

Crown of the road

Back 3

Center of the road

Front 4

Bornings

Back 4

50’-500’ spacings, depending on conditions.

Front 5

Wash Borings

Back 5

Drilling test to locate bedrock. the water is used to wash materials up, can be used to penetrate anything except solid bedrock.

Front 6

Auger Boring

Back 6

Auger drill bit used to bring soil to the surface. Easily blocked - so best to use in sand clay.

Front 7

Core Boring

Back 7

Takes out a cylinder of soil sample. Can be done on anything including bedrock. Expensive.

Front 8

Test Pit

Back 8

Excavation to get a visual inspection as well as samples for further testing. Can help finding the watertable.

Front 9

Soil Sieve Analysis

Back 9

Testing for particle sizes.

Front 10

Spread Footing

Back 10

Load directly to footing. Most cheapest. Area of the footing = soil bearing capacity.

Front 11

Mat Foundation

Back 11

When strata is weak. Continuous foundation. Expensive.

Front 12

Belled Caissons

Back 12

Holes are drilled to reach firm strata. Concrete is poured into the hole. Similar to Spread Footings, but just very deep.

Front 13

Socketed Caissons

Back 13

Like Belled Caissons, but drilled into the strata. Strength comes from the end bearing as well as frictional forces between caisson and strata.

Front 14

End Bearing Piles

Back 14

Like giant nails driven into soil till the firm strata pushes back. 2x3 more expensive then spread footings.

Front 15

Friction Piles

Back 15

Used on softer soils. Uses the friction for bearing capacity.

Front 16

Removal of Contaminated Soil

Back 16

?

Front 17

Retaining Walls

Back 17

?

Front 18

Well Grade Soil

Back 18

A good proportion of all sizes of particles. Big, small and med.

Front 19

Uniformly Graded Soil

Back 19

All particles are same size. This is a poorly graded soil.

Front 20

Gap graded Soil

Back 20

All particles are either big or small. No med. size. Also called: Skip graded, or step-graded. A poorly graded soil.

Front 21

Flume

Back 21

An elevated water channel used to transport logs, etc.

Front 22

Weir

Back 22

Levee or dam used to change direction of a river.

Front 23

Heaving

Back 23

Upward movement of soil. Most likely caused by clay.

Front 24

Peat Soil

Back 24

Unstable, organic soil type.

Front 25

Graves

Back 25

Great drainage, course.

Front 26

Sands

Back 26

Good drainage.

Front 27

Silts

Back 27

Stable, but weak when dry. Can heave.

Front 28

Clays

Back 28

Not so stable. Cohesive. Heave. No drainage.

Front 29

Min/Max Distance between contours.

Back 29

Change in height between contours, over percent slope.

Front 30

USCS

Back 30

Unified Soil Classification System. Bearing capacity. but also has texture, color , structure and depth.

Front 31

Alluvium

Back 31

Soil, sand, etc. deposited by flowing water.

Front 32

Loam

Back 32

Rich soil containing equal: sand, silt or clay.

Front 33

Proctor Test

Back 33

Testing for soil compaction and moisture content.

Front 34

Percolation Test

Back 34

Testing soil on how fast it absorbs water. Leech field.

Front 35

Invert

Back 35

Lowest point in a drain.

Front 36

Culvert

Back 36

Underground sewer.

Front 37

Car turning radii

Back 37

20-25 feet

Front 38

Angle of Repose

Back 38

The maximum angle the soil can be cut without sliding.

Front 39

Wale or Whale

Back 39

Horizontal member used to support sheating.

Front 40

Shoring

Back 40

Angled support used to temporary hold walls.

Front 41

Subsidence

Back 41

Widespread sinking of soil. Could be to seismic events or removal of oil or gas below.

Front 42

Liquefaction

Back 42

Sudden Loss of shear resistance of soil. Could be due to the earthquakes.

Front 43

Effluent

Back 43

Liquid sewage going into public sewage system.