Son 101 Basic Vascular

Front 1

Plaque

Back 1

Atherosclerotic material that builds up on the walls of arteries, causing most artery problems.

Front 2

The 2 problems associated with arterial plaque.

Back 2

Hemodynamically significant lesions: restrict flow

Thromboembolic plaque: sends small clots into the distal circulation.

Front 3

Lumen

Back 3

The open part of a vessel where blood flows.

Front 4

Residual Lumen

Back 4

The space inside the vessel that is left by the plaque or clot.

Front 5

Bifurcation

Back 5

The point where the vessel divides or branches off.

Front 6

Where is a common site for arterial stenosis?

Back 6

The carotid bifurcation, where the common carotid artery divides into the internal carotid and external carotid.

Front 7

Collateral circulation

Back 7

Alternative pathways of blood flow that become functional in the event of arterial or venous obstruction.

Front 8

Hemodynamics

Back 8

The study of blood flow characteristics.

Front 9

Embolus

Back 9

An object traveling thru circulation that may lodge in a vessel and cause occlusion.

Front 10

Name the common types of emboli.

Back 10

Thrombus

Air

Tumor cells

Clumps of fat

Bullets

Front 11

During what type of circulation is there concern for thromboembolic activity arising from ulcerative plaques or from aneurysms?

Back 11

ARTERIAL circulation

Front 12

In what type of circulation is there concern for pulmonary emboli arising from deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities?

Back 12

VENOUS circulation

Front 13

Sample Volume

Back 13

The discrete area of flow assessed with pulse doppler.

Front 14

Doppler Angle

(aka the ANGLE OF INCIDENCE or ANGLE THETA from the doppler equation)

Back 14

The angle of the doppler beam with respect to the direction of the flow.

Front 15

What is the optimal angle for vascular duplex scanning?

Back 15

45-60 degrees

Front 16

Angles greater than 60 degrees lead to _____?

Back 16

Errors in velocity measurement

Front 17

FYI: more blood creating a given frequency shift would cause brighter pixels, and less blood creating another frequency shift would cause darker pixels.

Back 17

This information is then swept over time on the horizontal axis to produce a waveform that suggests the character of the blood flow.

Front 18

VELOCITY

Back 18

The speed of blood, expressed in cm or m/s.

Front 19

Calcific, dense

Back 19

Characteristic features of certain plaque. Both show up as bright echos in the lumen. Dense plaque may not cause shadowing, calcific plaque would.

Front 20

Soft, fibrous

Back 20

Characteristic of certain plaque. Soft, fibrous plaque produces darker echos than dense or calcific.

Front 21

OCCLUSION

Back 21

Complete blockage. Term must be used with "total" to distinguish from "obstruction", which implies partial and not total.

Front 22

LAMINAR

Back 22

Orderly, nonturbulent flow.

Front 23

Multiphasic

Back 23

Normal peripheral arterial flow.

Front 24

Monophasic

Back 24

Energy damped out peripheral arterial flow.

Front 25

Aliasing

Back 25

Can occur with spectral waveform or an color flow Doppler. You will see "wrap around" of the wave form or color on the display.

Front 26

Mosaic

Back 26

The mottled appearance created by turbulent flow- many velocities and direction of flow, creating many colors.

Front 27

Jet

Back 27

A localized area of high velocity flow through an exiting stenosis.

Front 28

Coapt

Back 28

To meet or join.

Front 29

Tunica intima

Back 29

Innermost layer of wall consisting of a surface layer of smooth endothelium over base membrane and connective tissue.

Front 30

Tunica media

Back 30

Middle layer is thicker and composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue arranged in a circular pattern.

Front 31

Tunica externa (or adventitia)

Back 31

Outer arterial wall layer. Thinner than media and contains white fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers arranged longitudinally.

Front 32

Arterial function

Back 32

Transport blood, gases, nutrients, and other essential substances away from the heart and out to the tissues.

Front 33

Where does the ascending aorta arise from?

Back 33

Left ventricle and first branches are right & left coronary arteries.

Front 34

What are the 3 branches of the aortic arch?

Back 34

1st: innominate/brachiocephalic

2nd: Left CCA

3rd: Left subclavian

Front 35

Where does the decending thoracic aorta turn into the abdominal aorta?

Back 35

At the level of the diaphragm.

Front 36

What are the major branches of the abdominal aorta?

Back 36

Celiac artery

SMA

Renal artery

Inferior mesenteric artery

Common iliac arteries (internal/external)

Front 37

Capillaries

Back 37

Vessels of microcirculation, no more than one mm long, 8-10 microns in diameter, walls consist of endothelial cells (one cell thick).

Front 38

Where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

Back 38

At the outer border of the first rib.

Front 39

Where does the axillary artery become the bracing artery?

Back 39

After giving off 7 branches.

Front 40

Where does the brachial artery bifurcate?

Back 40

Into the radial artery (lateral side of the forearm) and the ulnar artery (medial side of forearm ).

Front 41

Superficial palmer (volar) arch

Back 41

The distal portion of the ulnar artery, and the branch of the radial artery.

Front 42

Deep palmar (volar) arch

Back 42

Deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery and the distal portion of the radial artery.

Front 43

Digital arteries

Back 43

From palmer arches and extends into fingers and toes.

Front 44

After the internal carotid artery passes into the skull, what 2 blood vessels does it give off?

Back 44

Anterior choroidal artertery and posterior communicating artery, finally dividing into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries.

Front 45

The external carotid supplies blood to what 3 areas?

Back 45

Neck, face, and scalp.

Front 46

How many branches come off the external carotid artery?

Back 46

8

Front 47

The vertebral arteries unite to form what blood vessel after they enter the skull thru what structure?

Back 47

Basilar artery

Front 48

What blood vessels make up the Circle of Willis?

Back 48

The anterior, middle, posterior cerebral, anterior communicating, and posterior communicating arteries.

Front 49

What's the name of the structural elaboration of the intimal layer that keeps the blood flowing in One Direction by snapping shut during retrograde blood flow?

Back 49

Venus vales

Front 50

Valves in the lower extremities are more prone to disease because of what?

Back 50

Venous Thrombosis, increased venous pressure from Gravity, increased intraabdominal and/or venous obstruction.

Front 51

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

Back 51

The return doppler signal broken down into the component frequency shift (on the vertical axis), and the amplitudes at those frequencies.