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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Direct Costs of Parenting:
(Ch. 11) |
Out-of-pocket expenses for raising a child that include childbirth, food, clothing, housing, and education.
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Indirect Costs of Parenting:
(Ch. 11) |
The potential income forgone by women who stay at home to raise their children or the added costs of child care for those who do work.
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Role Conflict in the Marital Dyad:
(Ch. 11) |
Disagreements about marital roles and responsibilities and who should perform various tasks or how they should be performed.
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Role Overload:
(Ch. 11) |
The experience of finding it impossible to meet all of the competing demands one faces. It is often accomplished by feelings of anxiety and a loss of control over one's life.
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Role Strain:
(Ch. 11) |
The tension experienced when one has a clear idea of one's role responsibilities but is unable to fulfill them in a way that satisfies one's own expectations.
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Some consider not having children in either of two ways:
(5-10-10) |
Child - LESS (not happy about not having children)
or child - FREE (happy about not having children) |
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Who do children live with and what percent?
(5-10-10 and Ch. 11) |
Single parent home: 26%
Mother only: 78% Father only: 18% Neither parent: 4% this is grandparents (48%), other relatives (33%), or foster care parents (9%), or other non-relatives (9%) |
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Main structural changes (3) when children are added to the family:
(5-10-10) |
- Transition from a dyad to a triad
- The addition of the parenting role - Change in family themes |
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Three different ways that children are thought of in family themes:
(5-10-10) |
1. Primary Reason for Being
2. Necessary but Inconvenient 3. An Intolerable Curse |
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How might family legacies affect parenting?
(5-10-10) |
- Reactive
- Follow parent's footsteps |
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Factors (4) influencing transition from marital dyad to family triad:
(5-10-10) |
- Degree to which parents want to be parents
- Degree of anticipating socialization - Clarity of role demands of parenthood -Amount of support available during transition |
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Stressors (7) associated with birth of a child:
(5-10-10) |
- Disruption of routines
- Fatigue(comes out in relationship) - Feeling overworked (usually females) - Money problems - In-law interference - Woman's concern about appearance - Decrease in confidence in sense of one's self as a worker, partner, and/or lover. |
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Positive responses (7) to adding children to the family:
(5-10-10) |
- New sense of meaning or purpose
- Commitment (with partner) - Sense of continuity between past and future - Opportunity to teach and pass on values - Increased connection with extended families - Source of amusement and fun - Increase in sense of self as parent (for men and women) |
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Expectations for children from their parents are based originate from 3 sources:
(5-10-10) |
1. Birth order
2. Sex of the child 3. Physical appearance |
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What is the main message of Galinsky's "Six Stages of Parenting"?
(5-10-10) |
In parenting we go through a series of stages where we begin by creating an image of the child and the experience of being a parent in our heads and then spend the rest of the time adjusting that image in our heads to the actual child.
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Do our images of our selves typically match up with our parents images of us?
(5-12-10) |
No, that is rare. Usually what is required is communication and negotiation.
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What are the boundary issues (3) that need to be dealt with when children are added to the family?
(5-12-10) |
- Renegotiate boundaries with others (family and friends)
- Renegotiate marital boundaries - Renegotiate work and family boundaries |
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What does the "Second Shift" refer to?
(5-12-10) |
In addition to having a job, parents (usually moms, 3-4 times more than dads) need to come home and take care of housework and child care.
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What is typically thought of as the amount needed to raise a child to the age of 18?
(5-12-10) |
3 - 4 times a families income
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How is marital quality effected by the addition of a child?
(5-12-10) |
On average, marital quality declines for the first 3 years.
Stipulations: - Satisfying marriage before child arrival = slow decline - Realistic understanding of parenthood = slow decline - Those who have role agreement = slow delcine |
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How is a couple's sexual relationship impacted by the addition of a child?
(5-12-10) |
- Woman may not be interested in sex because she is tired or concerned about appearance.
- Man may be worried that the woman has lost interest in him. |
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Child Abuse:
(Ch. 12) |
The non-accidental injury of a child by a parent or other responsible caretaker.
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Authoritarian parenting:
(Ch. 12) |
A style of parenting that attempts to shape, control, and evaluate the child's attributes and behaviors according to a pre-established and fixed set of standards.
Authoritarian parents value obedience to their authority and tend to favor the use of punitive, forceful disciplinary methods. |
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Authoritative parenting:
(Ch. 12) |
A style of parenting that is nurturing and relies primarily on positive reinforcement rather than punishment to control the child. Direct control over the child is achieved in a manner that displays awareness of the child's thoughts, feelings, and developmental capabilities.
In addition to being loving as well as controlling, authoritative parents tend to demand mature, responsible, and independent behavior from their children. |
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Indulgent parenting:
(Ch. 12) |
A style of parenting that exerts little or no control over the child's behavior. Children are given a great deal of personal freedom and few restrictions.
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Uninvolved parenting:
(Ch. 12) |
A style of parenting that is characterized by neglect and permissiveness. Children are given no clearly defined rules for behavior and receive little or no attention.
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Child Neglect:
(Ch. 12) |
The harming of a child through the lack or either proper care or adequate supervision.
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Parental responsiveness:
(Ch. 12) |
A dimension of parenting style (aka parental warmth or supportiveness) that refers to the extent to which parents intentionally foster individuality, self-regulation, and self-assertion by being attuned, supportive, and acquiescent to children's special needs and demands.
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Parental demandingness:
(Ch. 12) |
A dimension of parenting style (aka behavior control) that refers to the expectations parents have for their children to become integrated into the family whole, by their maturity demand, supervision, disciplinary efforts, and willingness, to confront children who disobey.
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Psychological control:
(Ch. 12) |
Refers to a parenting strategy characterized by attempts on the part of the parent to control the child by intruding into the psychological and emotional development of the child through use of practices such as guilt induction, withdrawal of love, or shaming.
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Which parenting style has high parental responsiveness and low parental demandingness?
(5-12-10) |
Indulgent parenting
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Which parenting style has low parental responsiveness and high parental demandingness?
(5-12-10) |
Authoritarian parenting
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Which parenting style has a fair balance (high but not too high) of both of parental responsiveness and parental demandingness?
(5-12-10) |
Authoritative parenting
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Which parenting style has low parental responsiveness and low parental demandingness?
(5-12-10) |
Uninvolved parenting
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The new tasks of parenting are a balance between what factors (4)?
(5-12-10) |
- Nurturing
- Controlling behavior - Protecting - Socialization |
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What is the key to parenting styles?
(5-12-10) |
As a parent you need to match your expectations with your child's maturity level.
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What is the program "Love and Logic"?
(5-12-10) |
Parenting program that is taught in schools based on authoritative parenting styles and offers activities for parents and children.
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Consequences (3) for children of authoritative parents:
(5-12-10) |
- Social competence
- Better psychosocial development - Instrumental competence |
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Consequences (3) for children of authoritarian or uninvolved parents:
(5-12-10) |
- More likely to have behavior problems
- Depression, withdrawn or anxious - If the parent is also abusive they may become hypervigillant |
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Collectivist cultures generally value which style of parenting?
(5-12-10) |
Authoritarian parenting.
And in these cultures it works well and leave children well adjusted. |
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Which style of parenting has high psychological control?
(5-12-10) |
Authoritarian parenting
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Which style of parenting has high physical control?
(5-12-10) |
Authoritative parenting
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What are some negative consequences (4) of parents intrusion into children's psychological development?
(5-12-10) |
- Children may develop anxiety.
- Children may act out. - Children may be guilt-ridden. - Children can get "stuck" in these negative emotions and start a family legacy. |
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What are the 5 styles of parenting that are described in Le Masters and DeFrain's model? What are their definitions?
(5-12-10) |
- Martyr: believe that they sacrifice themselves for their children and rely heavily on manipulation and guilt (control tactics) to get children to "repay" them for their sacrifice. Children learn: conditional love, resentment, to be a martyr/manipulative.
- Pal: like the indulgent parent but indulges child because they want to a friend because they are lonely or need to be like. Children learn: no-self control, no self-discipline, no limits. - Police officer/drill sergeant: like the authoritarian parent and is typified by lots of obedience tests, making the child feel inferior, and if the child pulls away the parent pulls harder. - Teacher/counselor: typified by the idea that children should be treated the same way and focus on self esteem and professional/expert guidance. Children learn: that everything they do is special, to just expect things to come to them, and to blame parents. - Athletic couch: (ideal type) like democratic/authoritative parenting and involves having objective rules (rules of the game) and helps the child from the side lines, offering support, helping to create strategies, and allows for autonomy. |
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Are parents alone responsible for parenting style?
(5-14-10) |
No children contribute as well.
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What are the parents' contributions (4) to their parenting style?
(5-14-10) |
- Family legacy
- Psychological health and personality - Ability to tolerate autonomy and intimacy - Psychological healthy and personality - Sense of control over one's own life |
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What are the children's contributions (3) to their parenting style?
(5-14-10) |
- Age
- Gender - Temperament |
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"A goodness of fit":
(5-14-10) |
How well the child's and parents' temperaments fit together/match up.
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Do we develop temperament or are we born with it?
(5-14-10) |
We are born with temperament and it starts to show as soon as the child is born.
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What factors (9) define a person's temperament?
(5-14-10) |
- Activity
- Rythmicity - Approach/withdrawal - Adaptability - Intensity - Mood - Persistence and attention/focus - Distractability - Sensory threshold |
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Temperament types (4) and percents:
(5-14-10) |
- Easy or flexible (40%)
- Difficult, active, or feisty (10%) - Slow to warm up/cautious (15%) - Combination (35%, can't classify) |
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Two types of marital support:
(5-14-10) |
1. Emotional support: love, esteem, being values, patience
2. Instrumental support: goods, services, time, assistance with parenting tasks |
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How does lack of support or conflict effect parenting?
(5-14-10) |
Poor parenting
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Typical factors (6) of father's parenting:
(5-14-10) |
- Little time alone with children
- Actions are monitored by mom - 50% of the time is play time - If doing work around the house it is considered "helping out" - Fills the provider role primarily - Younger fathers are more involved |
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Typical factors (4) of mother's parenting:
(5-14-10) |
- Continuous care
- Protect, soothe, hold - Less than 10% of the time is play time - "Second Shift" is more common |
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Traits of African American Parents:
(5-14-10) |
- Personal ID is emphasized, self-esteem
- Cultural awareness - Extended kin, fictive kin, and greater use of social networks - Discipline is strict and immediate |
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Traits of Hispanic American Parents:
(5-14-10) |
- Egalitarian
- Warm and permissive w/ young children and rules become more severe with age (importance of obedience) - Interdependence |
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Traits of Asian American Parents:
(5-14-10) |
- Lenient w/ young children, especially boys.
- Believe that children reach an age of understanding during 3-6 years of age, rules become more severe - Value: emotional maturity, self-control, social courtesies, group loyalty, and academic achievement. |
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Characteristics (3) of parents that can lead to abusive parents:
(5-14-10) |
- Depressed or anxious
- Antisocial tendencies - Low anger control and low frustration tolerance |
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Characteristics (3) of children that can lead to abusive parents:
(5-14-10) |
- Low birth weight (under 5.5 lbs)
- Temperament - Special needs |
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Empty Nest:
(Ch. 13) |
A period of the family life cycle occurring after all children have left home to live on their own.
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Generational squeeze:
(Ch. 13) |
The situation in which middle-aged adults are responsible for simultaneously meeting the needs of their own dependent children and those of their aging and frail parents.
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Launching:
(Ch. 13) |
A period of the family life cycle that begins with the departure of the first child from the home and the ends when all children have left home to live on their own.
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la frente
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forehead; front
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What is the age range for "midlife"?
(5-17-10) |
40's - 60's
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What are some characteristics (4) of midlife?
(5-17-10) |
- Need to modify parenting styles and tasks because children are older and becoming more autonomous
- The balance between needs of the children, partner, and self needs to be modified. - Changes for children and parenting are more anticipated and slower. - Couples have more time as a couple with our children. |
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How do mother's tend to react to an "empty nest," with relief or like it is a syndrome?
(5-17-10) |
Relief, because they followed society's expectations to take care of their children first, and self second.
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How do fathers react to an "empty nest"?
(5-17-10) |
Mixed, might regret if they missed a lot of the children's childhood, but also might be glad to have more time as a couple.
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In what instances (3) is an "empty nest" a crisis for couples?
(5-17-10) |
- If children provide meaning for the couple
- If children act as distance-regulators - If children are the only thing keeping parents together, i.e. parents are on a mission |
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How might parents in a crisis due to an "empty nest" try to block their children from leaving home?
(5-17-10) |
- Not pay for school
- Pay for everything making child dependent so that they can't really distance themselves. - Guilt trip - Identity foreclosure - Have a breakdown/crisis |
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What are some work and marriage issues that need to be balanced in Midlife?
(5-17-10) |
- It's a time of high earning, but also of high costs, so there is not a lot of money for discretionary spending.
- Demands of work usually increase for the partner (usually husband) in a career, adding more interests and responsibilities. - If the wife has been staying at home with the kids, now that they are older she enters the workforce |
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What is the time in life that we generally reach a peak in our earnings?
(5-17-10) |
45 - 55 years of age
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Diamond Theory:
(5-17-10) |
Partners start off focusing on the dyad and being on the same page but as time moves on the wife focuses more on the house and the husband focuses more on career. At midlife the couple is the farthest apart that they will be. As children leave the home dynamics change and wife moves more toward career and husband moves more toward home. Later in life the couple comes together again, forming a diamond.
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"Boomerang Kids" are called that because they:
(5-17-10) |
Re-nest, i.e. they move back home and live with parents.
This is 56% of males and 43% of females. |
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What is the relationship like between adults and their parents?
(5-17-10) |
Adults are still children, "adult children" to their parents until their parents die. Some might treat their children more like children then others, but the dynamic remains.
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What are the two main reasons that adults maintain contact with their parents?
(5-17-10) |
1. If they need money
2. If they need advice. |
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What are some aspects that change as children becomes adults.
(5-17-10) |
- Increasingly see parents as people (and visa versa)
- Redistribution of power - Renegotiation of power and how the parents see their children depends on psychological issues (or lack-there-of) - Becomes a more equal, adult to adult relationship. |
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Behavioral slowing:
(Ch. 14) |
The reduced speed in responding to stimuli and the sensory changes in vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell that accompany the aging process.
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Frailty:
(Ch. 14) |
A condition brought on by a decline in health status that stresses the relationships between aging spouses and between adult children and their again parents.
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Grandparenthood:
(Ch. 14) |
A role transformation that is discussed in the context of the later-life family because the birth of grandchildren symbolically signifies a shift in centrality and power from the aging to the middle generation within the family hierarchy.
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Retirement:
(Ch. 14) |
Both a physical withdrawal from paid employment and a psychological reorientation of the importance of work to one's identity.
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What are the current life expectancies for men and women in the US?
(5-17-10) |
- Men = 74
- Women = 80 |
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What has the trend for life expectancy been for the last 100 years?
(5-17-10) |
It has been increasing by 25 years.
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What is the fastest growing age group?
(5-17-10) |
The 85+ group, it is known as the "graying of America"
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How is sex in later life?
(5-17-10) |
Most couples find it very satisfying.
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What are the two different reasons why marital satisfaction increases in later life?
(5-17-10) |
1. The marriage improves after the children leave the house.
2. The expectations change rather then the quality of the marriage. |
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What is the age for social security?
(5-17-10) |
65 years old
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What are some problems (4) if the wife retires before the husband does?
(5-17-10) |
- Loose his status/power in the relationship
- Loose his social status - No one to hang out with, especially if most of his friends are from work - He doesn't really help out more around the house, so she still has a "second shift". |
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What is the median age of retirement?
(5-17-10) |
63 years old
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What percent of men and women view their retirement years as good?
(5-17-10) |
71% of men and 56% of women
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What are the three different styles of Grandparenting?
(5-17-10) |
- companionate (55%): generally spoil their grandchildren and just want to have fun
- remote (30%): rarely see their grandchildren - involved (15%): play an active role in the grandchildren's lives, and have a say in major decisions. |
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What is a "young old"?
(5-17-10) |
An independent older person who is really active and vital.
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What percent of 85+ live in nursing homes?
(5-17-10) |
22%
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Infantalized:
(5-17-10) |
When elder people start acting like infants, usually happens when they live in nursing homes which are total institutions.
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What percent of frail elderly are cared for by family members?
(5-17-10) |
60%
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Caregivers in the family are typically what type of family members?
(5-17-10) |
Wives, daughters, and daughter-in-laws
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What kind of care-giving do frail elderly need?
(5-17-10) |
Physical, emotional, financial. And all of this is stressful.
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Three different types of care-giving relationships.
(5-17-10) |
1. Mutual relationship: respect equality, parents as people, children can set limits with balance.
2. Hierarchical Passive Relationship: child is resentful, gives into demanding parent out of fear of rejection or disapproval. 3. Hierarchical Rebellious Relationship: anger, both parties are fighting for power, disrespectful, emotionally cut off |
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Who is most likely to abuse the elderly?
(5-17-10) |
Relatives.
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What is the type of abuse that most often happens to the elderly?
(5-17-10) |
Financial abuse.
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