Sociology Exam 1 Study

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Sociology

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systematic study of human behavior.

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Social Conflict Theory -

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states that society is an area of inequality, producing conflict & change.

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Four Research Methods -

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experiment
survey
participant observation
existing sources

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theory-

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statement about how & why things are related.

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manifest functions -

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the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern.

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latent functions -

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the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social patterns.

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culture -

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the beliefs, values., and behaviors and material objects together form a people's way of life.

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symbols -

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anything that carries a particular meaning categorized by ppl who share the same culture.

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language -

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system of symbols that allows ppl to communicate with one another.

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values -

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culturally defined standards that ppl use to decide wat is desirable, good, and beautiful broad guidelines 4 social living.

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norms -

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rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of it's member.

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beliefs -

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specific ideas that ppl hold to be true.

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mores -

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high moral value.

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folkways -

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little/moral value.

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"ethnocentrism" -
VS.
cultural relativism

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the act of judging another culture by the values of that culture.

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ethnocentrism
VS.
"cultural relativism" -

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judging another culture by the values of that culture.

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socialization -

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the lifelong social experiences (cradle --> grave) develop our human potential and learn culture.

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personality -

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every person's unique, and fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and acting.

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Norms
"Prescriptive" -

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do it.

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Norms
"Proscriptive" -

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don't do it.

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wearing a black suit to a Thailand funeral, when they wear white in mourning would be a ...

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"proscriptive folkway"

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"eurocentrism"-
VS
multiculturalism

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the dominance of European cultural patterns.

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eurocentrism
VS
"multiculturalism" -

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is a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the US and promoting equal standing for all the cultural traditions.

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Nature -
VS
Nuture -

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- born with it, ascribed, Biology.

- picked up along the way, achieved, culture debate.

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(Social Structures)
Hunting Gathering society -

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nomads, moving around

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(Social Structures)
Agrarian/Hortialcultural/Paostral societies -

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settling down next to bodies of water. Social institutions took place.

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(Social Structures)
Industrial Societies -

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important change producing structure. Machines.

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(Social Structures)
Post-Industrial Society -

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we live today, high technology information.

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Sigmund Freud -

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the most studied celebrated theorist about conflict. Cradle ---> grave

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four sociologists

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Auguste Comte
Emilie Durkhelm
Karl Marx
Max Weber

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Auguste Comte -

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structural-functional approach.

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Emilie Durkhelm -

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study suicide.

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Karl Marx -

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social conflict theory.

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Max Weber -

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father of social economic status.

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mean -

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arithmetic avg. of a group of scores

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median -

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middle score # , when a group of #s are arranged from highest to lowest.

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mode -

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score that occurs most frequently of a group of #s

12141810 = 1 is the mode.

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Sigmund Freud -

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conflict/subconscious, human personality has 3 parts.

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ID :
ego :
superego :

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basic drives & instincts (sex, survival)

attempt to reconcile id + super ego.

presence of culture norms.

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Freud "True Facts" :

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human internalize culture norms (rules).

our childhood experience has lasting effect.

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Freud -

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agree that his theory is sexual bias culture that males are more dominant then females.

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Erik Erikson -

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8 stages of development, age realted stages at each stage a significant challenge is met.

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Erikson's first three stages of development -

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St. 1:(Birth-2 1/2 yr), trust vs. mistrust.
St. 2:(2 1/2 yr - 6 yr), autonomy vs. doubted shame.
St. 3: (Old Age) - integrity vs. despair

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Jean Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development -

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1. Sensory-motor stage (5 senses)
2. Pre-operational stage (symbols, language)
3. concrete-operational stage (casual connections)
4. formal operational stage (abstract thought)

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Piaget

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biological maturation + social interaction = ability to shape my world.

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nature vs. nuture -
Biology vs. culture -
ascribed vs. achieved

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concern the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities versus personal experiences in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits.

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4 agents of socialization -

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*Family - primary female.
School - socializing similar ideas.
Peers - 14-15 parents are stupid.
Mass Media - influence of TV.

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social interaction -

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is the process by which people act and react in relation to others.

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status -

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a social position that one holds.

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status set -

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to all the statuses a person holds at any time.

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ascribed status -

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receives at birth or takes on involuntarily.

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achieved status -

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a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability & effort.

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master status -

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a status that has special importance often shaping a person's entire life (social identity).

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role -

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behavior expected of some one who holds a particular status.

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role set -

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2 or more behaviors attached to a status.

Parent = status
feeding, protecting = role

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role conflict -

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a conflict among the roles corresponding to two or more statuses.

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role strain -

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the stress experienced by an individual when unsuitavle behavior, expectations associated with a single role.

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role exit -

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when we disengage from a role.

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social construction of reality -

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is the process by which individuals creatively shape reality through social interactions.

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Thomas theorem -

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situations that we define real become real in its consequences.

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ethnomethodology -

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the study of the way people make sense of their everyday lives. (Harold Garfinkel)

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Dramaturgical Analysis -

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the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance. (Erving Goffman).

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Presentation of Self:

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Non-verbal communication
personal space

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Presentation of self -

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every effort we make to create specific impressions in the minds of others. (job interview)

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non-verbal communication -

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communicating using body movements, gestures, and other expression, rather than speech.

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6 emotions -

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happiness
sadness
fear
anger
surprised
disguise

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only people who don't experience these 6 emotions -

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Traumatic brain injury
sociopaths

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culture specifics -

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is wat triggers, valued are emotions