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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"health"
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a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
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how does society shape our health? (4)
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1) cultural patterns define health; 2) cultural standards of health change over time; 3) society's technology affects health; and 4) social inequality affects health
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What are examples of how cultural patterns define health?
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skin disease in africa was so common that people thought it was normal. obesity is becoming so common that it is thought of as normal. health= morally good in some cases (competitive spirit-healthy, homosexuality= unhealthy
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What are examples of how health standards have changed over time?
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women's education strained the female brain, masturbation was unhealthy, smoking was ok, people bathed less
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What happened to health as societies developed?
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1) food became more plentiful; 2) social inequality increased with development of hierarchies and 3) infectious diseases spread in growing cities
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What is life expectancy in Africa?
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~50
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What were major causes of death in 1900?
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1) influenza/pneumonia, 2) TB 3) stomach and intestinal diseases
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What are major causes of death in 2003?
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heart disease, cancer, stroke
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According to the WHO, how many people suffer from poverty related diseases?
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1 billion (1/6)
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What are 2 main reasons for early death in poor countries?
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malnutrition and poor sanitation
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In poor nations, what % of children die in first year?
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10%
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What is vicious poverty cycle?
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when medical technology controls infectious disease, more people survive to adulthood but poor nations can't handle population increase.
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What must accompany efforts to decrease early death rate?
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Control of birth rate.
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What were health problems that accompanied the industrial revolution?
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overcrowding, pollution, accidents in work place
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"social epidemiology"
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the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population
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What is the difference in life span between the richest and poorest people in the US?
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20 years
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What are main causes of death of young people?
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accidents and AIDS
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Why do women live longer than men?
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1) girls are less likely to die before or immediately following death and 2) boys live riskier lives with higher accidents, violence and suicide 3)men are taught to be competitive which contributes to heart disease
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What is life span for men--all races, whites, blacks?
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all races 74.8
whites 75.4 blacks 69.2 |
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what is life span for women? all races, whites, blacks?
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all races 80.1
whites 80.5 blacks 76.1 |
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what is life span for average person in US?
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77.6 yrs
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What is difference in infant mortality rate between rich and poor families?
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2x
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What % of adults rate their health as good-->$35K vs <$20k?
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>$35k 72%
<$20K 46% |
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What is difference between black and white poverty rate?
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3x
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What is difference in life expectancy between black and white children born in 2003?
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5 years
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What is greater predictor of life expectancy, race or gender?
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gender
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What % of black and white men live to be 65?
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black 66%, white 80%
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When was peak of cigarette smoking in US?
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1960s 45% of adults
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What % of adults smoked in 2003?
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22%
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What % of men and women smoke in US?
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men 24%
women 19% |
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Women make up what % of smoking related deaths?
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41%
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How many people die/yr of smoking-related causes in US?
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440,000
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What is value of tobacco industry in US?
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83 billion
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What % of college students smoked in 2001?
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29%
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How many adults in the world smoke?
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1 billion = 1/3
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Women with anorexia or bulimia come from which demographic group?
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95% affluent white families
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What % of US adults are overweight?
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2/3
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What is definition of "overweight"?
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10-30 pounds above normal weight
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"obese"
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>30 pounds over normal weight
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What is cost of treating obesity related disease in US?
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$117 billion
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How many people in US die annually from obesity related diseases?
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300,000
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What fraction of young people is overweight in US?
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1/4
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How many STDs are there?
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~50
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In 2003 how many new cases of gonorrhea and syphilis were reported?
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gonorrhea 335,000
syphilis 34,000 |
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What % of new cases of gono and syph are from whites? blacks? latinos?
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whites 20%
blacks 70% latinos 9% |
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How many people have genital herpes?
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45 million = 20%
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When was AIDS identified?
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1981
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How many people died of AIDS in 2003?
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18,000
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How many new cases of AIDS were reported in US in 2003?
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43,000
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How many cases of AIDS have been reported overall in US?
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~1 million
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How many people have died of AIDS in US?
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~500,000
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How many people are infected globally with AIDS?
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40 million
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How many people with AIDS globally are under 25?
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1/2
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How many people globally have died of AIDS?
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20 million
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How many people are infect and die of AIDS every day?
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14,000 infected
8700 die |
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Where is the rate of AIDS highest?
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sub-saharan Africa
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for a sub-saharan African 15 year old, what are chances of becoming infected with AIDS?
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50%
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In the US, how many people develop AIDS after 5 years? 10 years? 20 years?
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5 years 1/3
10 years 1/2 20 years almost all |
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What are risk factors for contracting AIDS?
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anal sex, sharing needles, using any drugs
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What % of women with AIDS in US are black and latino?
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80%
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Gay/Bisexual men make up what % of AIDS cases in US?
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48%
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What is cost of treating one person with AIDS in US?
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100,000s
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How many AIDS orphans are in US? in world?
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75,000
15 million |
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What is annual amount of $ spent on AIDS research in US?
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$17 billion
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How many people in US are in permanent vegetative state?
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10,000
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when did medicine emerge as a social institution?
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With IR-specialization of professions.
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What effect did control of certification by the AMA have on who practiced medicine?
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Became dominated by white men--got rid of women, minorities and practitioners of traditional medicine.
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What is average annual salary of doctor in US?
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$250,000
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What % of doctors are women? blacks?
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29%
6% |
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What are principles of holistic medicine?
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1) treat people as patients, 2) encourage responsibility not dependency and 3) provide personal treatment
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In China, who brings health care to most rural villages?
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"barefoot doctors"=paramedics
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What % of doctors in Russia are women?
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70%
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What is avg salary of Russian doctor?
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Same as skilled industrial worker.
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When did Sweden establish its socialized medicine program?
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1891
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What is Great Britain's medical system?
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dual system-socialized and private
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What % of medical costs are paid by the government in the US? Sweden?
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46%
85% |
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Who pays doctors in Japan?
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combination of government and private insurance
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What was cost of medical care in US in 2002?
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1.5 trillion
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Which country pays the most per person annually for medical care?
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The US, $4000/person
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What % of people in US have private insurance?
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68%
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What % of people in US buy private insurance?
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8%
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"medicare"
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health care for people over 65
took care of 39 million people |
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"medicaid"
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health care for the poor
took care of 38 million people |
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What % of people in US have some form of health care?
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84%
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How many people in US have no health insurance?
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46 million (16%)
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How many nurses in the US in 2004?
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2.5 millin
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how many nursing positions were unoccupied in 2004?
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7%
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Why are there fewer nurses?
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1) women can do other jobs, 3) nurses are overworked
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