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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Principles or rules people are expected to observe; they represent the do's and don'ts of society
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NORMS
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Noncomformity to a set of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or society...can also apply to the activities of the groups.
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DEVIANCE
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ex. Heaven't Gate Cult; members functioned easily within the wider society, supporting themselves via email. Their position clearly diverges from the deviant subculture of the homeless...a subculture whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority
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DEVIANT SUBCULTURE
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Promote conformity & protect against nonconformity. A sanction is any reaction from others that is meant to ensure that a person or group complies with a given norm
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SANCTION
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Norms defined by governments as principles that their citizens must follow; sanctions are used against people who do not conform to them
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LAWS
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Constitutes any type of behavior that breaks a law
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CRIMES
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A minority of individuals, an amoral, or psychopathic, personality develops. Psychopaths are withdrawn, emotionless characters who delight in violence for its own sake
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PSYCHOPATHS
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A concept first brought into wide usage in sociology by DURKHEIM, referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior
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ANOMIE
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A renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community
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COMMUNITY POLICING
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Argument that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature
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CONFLICT THEORY
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A theory that views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses towards criminal activity and controls that deter it
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CONTROL THEORY
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Hold that criminals are rational beings who will act to maximize their own reward unless they are rendered unable to do so through either social or physical controls
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CONTROL THEORISTS
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Criminal activities by means of electronic networks or involving the use of new information technologies. Electronic money laundering, personal identity theft, electronic vandalism, and monitoring electric correspondence are all emergent forms of cybercrime
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CYBERCRIME
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An interpretation of the development of criminal behavior proposed by EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND, according to whom criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime
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DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION
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An approach to the study of DEVIANCE that suggests that people become "deviant" because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others
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LABELING THEORY
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A branch of criminological thought, prominent in Britain in the 1970's, that regarded deviance as deliberately chosen and often political in nature. The new criminologists argued that crime and deviance could only be understood in the context of power and inequality within society
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NEW CRIMINOLOGY
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Criminal activities carried out by organizations established as businesses
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ORGANIZED CRIME
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According to EDWIN LEMERT, the actions that cause others to label one as a deviant.
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PRIMARY DEVIATION
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According to EDWIN LEMERT, following the act of Primary Deviation, Secondary deviation occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly
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SECONDARY DEVIATION
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A way of punishing criminal and deviant behavior based on rituals of public disapproval rather than incarceration. The goal of shaming is to maintain the ties of the offender to the community
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SHAMING
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Criminal activities carried out by those in white-collar, or professional jobs
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WHITE-COLLAR CRIMES
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