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78 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Society |
people who share a culture and territory |
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Sociological Perspective |
Understanding human behavior by placing it in broader social context |
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social location |
group membership (jobs, age, income, ect) |
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Positivism |
apply scientific method to social work |
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Auguste Comte |
Coined "sociology" Created positivism |
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Herbert Spencer |
Coined "survival of the fittest" Disagreed with Comte, b/c the sociologists guiding social reform would mess up "survival of fittest" |
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Karl Marx |
Not a sociologist Believed in classless society (not communism ) |
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Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat |
B: owned and controlled means of production P: exploited workers |
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Emile Durkheim |
worked to make soc a recognized at universities |
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Social Darwinism |
Survival of the fittest |
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Max weber |
believed central force of social religion was not economics |
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Protestant Ethic |
duty to achieve success through hard work and thrift |
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Spirit of Capitalism |
investing in capital to make more money |
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WEB Du Bois |
Sociologist and activist Talked about how racism affects black identity |
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Double conciousness |
feeling you have more than one identity which can make it difficult to develop sense of self |
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Basic Soc |
analyzing some aspect of society to only gain knowledge |
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Applied Soc |
using soc to solve problems |
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Public Soc |
using soc perspective to benefit public |
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Social Interactionism |
society is composed of symbols used to establish meaning, develop world views and communicate How social life depends on how we define ourselves and those around us |
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Functionalism |
Society is made up of different parts that fit together; each part has a function |
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Robert Merton |
Functions vs Dysfunctions |
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Functions vs. Dysfunctions (latent/manifest) |
F: beneficial consequences of keeping society stable D: Undermine society L: unintended consequences M: intended consequences |
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Conflict Theory |
Society is composed of groups who compete for scarce resources (think marx and capitalist workers) |
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Macro-Level |
large scale patterns in society |
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Micro-level |
small scale patterns of social interaction |
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Validity vs Relativity |
V:what you intend is equal to what youre measuring R: consistent results |
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Social Integration |
degree of attachment to social groups |
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Stratified Random Sample |
Everyone in specific subgroups has chance of being selected |
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Generalizability |
extend to which findings can be applied to other groups |
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Secondary Analysis |
analyzing data you didn't collect |
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Case Study |
focus on single event, situation or individual |
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Causation |
change in one variable is determined by change in another Need: correlation, no spurioius correlation (caused by another variable), and temoral order |
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Correlation |
variables present together (does not mean causation) |
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Temoral Order |
IV comes before the DV |
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Material vs Nonmaterial culture |
M: material objects that distinguish group Non: groups way of thinking and doing |
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ethnocentrism |
using own culture to judge other cultures |
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Culture Relativism |
practice of understanding a culture on its own terms |
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Symbolic Culture |
gestures, language, values, ect |
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Sapir-whorf Hypthesis |
our thinking and perception is shaped by language |
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value |
idea about whats desirable in life |
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norms |
expectations or rules for behaviors |
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sanctions |
reactions to following or breaking norms |
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moral holiday |
locations and times when norms are expected to be broken |
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folkways |
norms that arent strictly enforced |
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mores |
core values that insist on conformity |
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taboos |
strongly engrained norms, usually met with revultion |
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Subculture |
groups whose values and behaviors are distinct from the dominant culture |
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Counter Culture |
group whose values and behaviors are in opposition to the dominant culture |
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Value Contradictions |
following one cultural value breaks another |
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Ideal vs Real Culture |
I: ideal values and norms of application R: norms and values people actually follow |
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Sociobiology |
basic cause of human behaviors is biology |
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Technology |
tools and skills needed that sets framework for nonmaterisl society |
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Cultural Lag |
material culture changes but nonmaterial lags behind |
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Cultural Diffusion |
Transmission of cultural characteristics through contact |
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Cultural Leveling |
cultures become similar to one another |
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Macrosociology |
analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society (functionalism v conflict theory) |
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Microsociology |
analysis of social life that focuses on social interactions |
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Social Structure |
framework of society that surrounds us |
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Social Class |
ppl who have similar amounts of income, edu, and occupational prestige |
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Social status |
where one stands in a group |
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Status Set |
all the statuses a person occupies |
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Ascribed Status |
Positions on inherits or receives involuntarily |
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Achieved Status |
status one works for and earns |
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Status Symbol |
indicates status |
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Master Status |
cuts across other statuses |
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Status Inconsistency |
when statuses don't go together and expectations are unclear |
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Role |
behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to status |
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Social Group |
ppl who tend to interact and believe what they have in common is significant |
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Social Institutions |
organized and standard ways by which society meets basic needs |
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Social Interaction |
what ppl do when in presence of others (eye contact, body lang, facial expressions, ect |
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Stereotypes |
assumptions of what ppl are like |
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Dramaturgy |
Social life analyzed like stage play |
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Front vs Back Stage |
F: places where we give performance B: Places where we can retreat from our roles (setting can be a front and back stage) |
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Role Performance |
ways in which someone performs a role showing their personal style |
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Role Conflict |
conflicting expectations between roles |
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role strain |
conflicting expectations within a role |
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Sign Vehicles |
how people use social settings, appearances and mannerisms to communicate info about themselves |
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Social Construct of Reality |
how reality is subjectively constructed through background assumptions and life experiances |
