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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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karen Horney |
- feminist psychological theoriest - women as second class citizens -culture and social environment influence personality development - relationships with parents shape a child's personality |
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safety need |
- a need for security and freedom from fear. - all children have it - Karen Horney -safety need met= withstand traumatic event well (resiliency) |
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a child who feels loved or wanted (secure) will likely have _____ consequences of a |
traumatic event than those who are insecure |
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parents can actively ___ a child's security, which results in feelings of hostility. |
sabotage |
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horney believed that anxiety is intrinsibally tied to __ |
hostility, helplessness, and fear |
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defences against anxiety- seeking affection and love |
individual tires to find someone to love her, and will not hurt her. |
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defending against anxiety- being submissive |
the submissive individual defers to others even when he is more knowledgeable. personal desires are repressed so that the dominant person's needs are prioritized. |
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defending against anxiety- seeking power |
those who seek power try to alleviate anxiety by using achievement or superiority to compensate for feelings of helplessness. |
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defending against anxiety- withdrawing |
people who withdraw as a means to cope with anxiety basically retreat from emotional needs. accomplished by reducing interactions with others and valuing autonomy or independence of self |
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neurotic need |
the irrational defense against anxiety that becomes a permanent or ingrained aspect of personality thus affecting all behavior. |
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anxiety lays the foundation for |
neuroses - horney |
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three categories of neurotic trends |
1: compliant personality 2: aggressive personality 3: detached personality |
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compliant personality |
overwhelming urge to feel loved and accepted. - moves towards others to get her needs met. - manipulates others in order to have those needs met. - need for control - considerate, appreciative, deferential and conciliatory - repressed hostility |
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aggressive personality |
- move against other people and often disregard others' needs. - survival of the fittest - recognitiion of achievment is essential. - seek validation |
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detached personality |
- move away from others - maintain a physical and emotional distance from others. - values autonomy - self-reliant - represses emotional needs - logical reasoning - avoid relationships that might make her feel insecure of helpless |
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idealized self- image |
evaluation of ourselves in relation to others. - realistic, flexible - serves as a motivating factor. - modifications made as we mature and change. |
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idealized self- neurotic |
- unrealistic - focus on an unobtainable self - rigid and inflexible - does not allow for modifications based upon growth or change. |
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tyranny of the shoulds |
- when neurtic individuals cannot obtain idealized self - behave in ways we think we ought to. - denies true self because of the desire to be as others want him to be. |
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externalization |
one way neurotic individuals defend against the conflict that the idealized self brings. - might state that others are jealous of him and don't like him, when in reality the person does not like himself. |
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womb envy |
men are jealous of women's ability to conceive, carry and give birth to life. - Horney |
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what is the goal of an anxiety defense |
to seek security |
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a neurotic need seeks to accomplish what goal? |
override all other needs in order to be met |
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how does the aggressive personlity move in relationship to people? |
against others |
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Erikson |
- Freudian at the core - personality development over the life span - work with "normal" people - 8 stages of psychosocial development |
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Erikson's 8 stages |
- with each stage, a crisis is confronted either successfully or maladapively, and a particular strength can emerge if successful resolution of the crisis is accomplished |
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Erikson's epigenetic principle of maturation |
- reflects the belief that personality developmen is goverend by genetics or hereditary factors. - biological, social, and psychological factors influence personality development |
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crisis |
- requires a change in our behavior. - strengths occcur is someone successfully made the behavior change. - unsuccessful= strength fails to emerge |
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Erikson's 1st stage: trust vs. mistrust |
- occurring in ingancy - bio. needs met= gain trust in environ. - unstable= mistrustful of environ., leading to anxiety and fear |
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hope |
a strngth that can emerge when crisis of trust is navigated successfully. - unstable= not hopeful, suspicious - can gain hope later in life |
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Eriksons 2nd stage: autonomy vs. doubt/shame |
- occurs when child is ready and able to explore her environment on her own. - parental response dictates how autonomous that child can be. - if hcild cannot develop a sense of sutonomu, she will develop self doubt. - strength that occurs is will. (what we want and need)
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Erikson's 3rd stage: initiative vs. guilt |
- extension of autonomy - take charge and accomplish goals - what is right and wrong - strength that occurs is prupose - ability to envision goals |
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Erikson's 4th stage: industriousness vs. inferiority |
- learning work ethic - directing efforts towards achieving goals -praise of effots - strength= competetnce. |
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Erikson's 5th stage: identity cohesion vs. role confusion |
- self- identity - if a cohesiev identity does not develop, the individual will have a confusion of roles - identity crisis:failure to achieve an ego identity during adol. - strength= fidelity: genuine and have empathy |
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Erikson's 6th stage: intimacy vs. isolation |
-seek inde. from parents - emotionally connected to others without losing a sense of self. - not accomplish? feeligns of isolation and avoid relationsihps. - strength= love |
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Erikson's 7th stage: generativity vs. stagnation |
- middle adulthood -guiding next gen. - not successful? indulge in materialistic ways - midlife crisis - strength= care |
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Erikson's 8th stage: ego integrity vs. despair |
- accepting and coping with life. - refelction - if we are bitter or regretful then we will feel despair. - strength= wisdom |
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which statement is not true regarding failure to successfully meet a developmental crisis |
the person can never return to that stage and successfully navigate it |
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which term is defiend as the failure to achieve ego identity during adolescence? |
identity crisis |
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what is a crisis in a psychosocial stage? |
a turning point for the next stage |
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what stage is associated with maturity- old age |
ego integrity vs. despair |
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GOrndon Allport |
- first theorist to legitimize personality research. - research should be based on normal individuals rather than ill. -trait theorist |
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Allport- we are guided by ___ |
our present and future goals rather than our childhood experiences - adult personality is discrete or discontinuous from our childhood one. |
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heredity traits- allport |
- intelligence, physique |
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allport- trait theory |
- trait varies with situations - determines how we react to a situation |
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cardinal traits |
those that are so pervasive and powerful that they affect every aspect of a person's life |
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central traits |
those traits that can collectively describe us or our behavior (being good natures) |
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secondary traits |
least influential - inconsitent repsonses, but still refelct our belief systems. (stress, go exercise) |
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Allport- functional autonomy of motives |
- adult functioning is not dependent upon what happened in childhood. - two types: perseverative, and propriate |
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perseverative motivations |
- low level - routines or habits |
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propriate motivaionts |
-motives to be maintained - ones that enhance us or provide a etter snese of self - ongoing process in creating our sense of self. |
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proprium |
allports description of the ego |
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a healthy individual according to allport |
1: able to extend self to others and activities 2: relate to others, capable of intimacy and tolerance 3: level of self acceptance that allows emotional security 4: realistic perception of reality, commitment to work 5: sense of humor and insight as to own behavior 6: unifying philosophy of life that guides behavior |
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uallport- understanding normal behavior allows us to understand__ |
abnormal behavior |
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which term describes traits shared by others? |
common |
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which statement reflects a gordon allport belief |
people function rationally and consciously |
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Maslow |
- founding father of humanistic movement - growth potential by examining the entire person and his strengths and virtues - focused on psychological health - shape our future and society
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Hierarchy of needs- level one: psychioligical needs |
- food and water, and sex - strongest need - deficit need: failure to meet this need results in a deficit for the individual |
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Maslows second level: safety needs |
- include security and stability - includes emotional as well as physiological safety |
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Maslows third level: belongingness and love needs |
- if safety needs are not met, then it is difficult for the individual to have a sense of belonging |
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Maslows fourth level: esteem: |
- needs higher in hierarchy are weaker, so that the lower levels are prioritized over esteem - esteem needs from self and others |
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Maslows fifth level: self- actualization |
- growth need: helps us realize our potential - maximizing our skill, talents, and abilities - process that few of us realize, but we strive toward it. - outcome determined by individual. |
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cognitive needs |
learn and understand - starts in infancy |
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JOnah complex |
- someone who is fearful of moving tward self- actualization out of faer that the person could not cope with the results. |
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in addition to the hierarchy of needs, maslow also proposed needs related to what |
cognition |
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on what did maslow base his view of personality |
people who were mentally stable and healthy |
