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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the "Looking glass self"?
Who defined the concept and what does the concept mean? |
-CHARLES HORTON COOLEY (1864-1929)
-"I AM NOT WHAT I THINK I AM, AND I AM NOT WHAT YOU THINK I AM, I AM WHAT I THINK, YOU THINK I AM." -The looking glass theory describes how society socializes through an individual. We all see ourselves as we think others see us. We see how people respond to us and as a result of these responses is how we see ourselves. The way we imagine ourselves to appear to another person is a major element in our perception of ourselves. -Example: You might feel stupid in front of a genious, but you feel smart infront of an idiot. You feel strong infront of a weak person. |
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What did Durkheim mean by "anomie"?
How is this related to modern life? |
Anomie: It's only in societys that experience change that can go through anomie. When you go through anomie, indviduals feel no commietment to a certain set of values or beleifs. When social change is rapid, indviduals simply become lost and dont feel they belong. This can lead to higher rates of suicide. Suicide in western society was often what Durkheim called anomie.
-This is related to modern life beucase as times change and we become more modern, modernity causes rules to change and confuses people. This makes it hard for people to change and fit into new rules. They experience anomie. |
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What is symbolic interactionism? Provide an example of symbolic the "I" and "Me" self interactionist analysis from our reading,
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-symbolic interactions can be language and role imitation. Through a language we comunicate ideas. Explaining the stages through which the individuals travel to find a sense of self.
Example of symbolic interactionism: Watching Rambo movies for Ishmael showed them a role play of how they would behave. -Example for symbolic "I" and "me"- In early years its the I-self that dominates behaviors. But as we start to know what other people expect of us behavior changes. We all have capacity to break rules and violate expectations of others. |
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What are the primary and secondary groups? How do they define our socialization in modern societies?
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-Primary groups permit us to be emotional and affectionate. This includes family, friends, and roomates)
-Secondary groups relate to each other impersonally. -We act differently in primary groups then we do in secondary. -They define our socialization in modern societies by influencing the views and beliefs of individuals. Your primary group will give you your first set of values and influences. They are required for our needed emotional bonding. People find it oppressive becuase one does not have much freedom in the group. Once people esccape the primary group they face problems becuase they are vulnerable. An example of this: The pimps and cults would seek to recruit young people when they were in between primary support systems and were still finding their place on the "social map." This way it would be easier to persuay them to do what they wanted. |
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What is the "sociological imagination"?
What does a sociological imagination allow us to do? |
The sociological imagination is the ability to grasp history and biography and th realtionship between the two in society. Mills said this.
The sociological imagination allows people to see inner and external life's. It allowed them to account for larger social forces. You need to see beyond just the rules and structure. Without social imagination you cant understand anything. -An example of this is: if your house goes under foreclosure in this economy, its very personal but you need to be able to see that the bad economy is a part of a much larger issue and it isnt the persons fault. there is no sociological imagination without modernity- it cant exist. This is people in order to have a sociological imagination their needs to be changes in society. |
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What is a social map? What does a social map tell us (in terms of our socialization)?
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Berger's social map is a persons identification according to socialization. Its discovering ones self.
A social map tells us the part we play in society. Our status. Each status has a roll that must be played. Discovering your status is what our social map tells us. Example: My status is a cgs freshman according to the social map. We all begin the journey in socialization as new borns, as we learn we get the image of another role, the role of the parent. This constitutes the child's first experience with a role.Begins to observe culture of his or her society. As we do this we begin to acknowledge a sense of self. WE are not born with a sense of self. This reconnection as self as an object emerges only through social interactions in which the individual gradually gets belief about self. We compare ourselves towards others to get a sense of ourselves. |
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What is a social conflict theory?
Provide an example of a conflict based analysis of the development of society. |
What defines our lives is a conflict all the time. All structures (marraige, education) that are defined are products of conflict. Society is an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
-Example of conflict based analysis of the development of society: The structure of our family itself is a product of a conflict that define a woman's role in a certain way (social structure tells you that) this is a product of a conflict over gender. |
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Essay #1
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Simmel means by this quote that our problems in life today is the amount of outside forces that take over who we really are. With all the social forces filling our heads and telling us what to beleive and with all the external culture telling us we need to act a certain way, Simmel states that its hard to perserve what we truely beleive is right and to block out all outside forces.
- It is difficult to preserve autonomy becuase there are so many other forces telling us what were supposed to do and believe. When a higher figure of authority tells us something, we are programmed to beleive this is right. We are scared to go against what is considered "normal" -His definition of modern life relates to Emile Durkheims analysis of social structure becuase they both prove that how classes are structured really affects the way you act. Each class has a different set of known rules. The fact that there is a class structure just shows how the social forces in your class have a major influence on how you act. Durkheim also shows that people who dont feel attached to a certain group of people have a higher suicide and depression rate. People will conform to almost any group just to feel they belong. -Berger would agree with this analysis of modern society becuase he believes we all have a certain status. Each status has a role that must be played, which shows we follow the rules that are set for us. If we are a student we have a certain set of rules and expectations that we are required to follow and fill. -Mills beleives that this problem can be solved if we grasp the relationship between biography and history. If we can realize that the way people act and think in modern times directly is influenced by a much larger social force and history, we can maybe see past modern issues. It is hard for people to do this, so most of us just go along with modern ways. An example of this is Martin L king. African americans during slave times looked as white people as a higher authority. Even though they didnt want to be slaves and didnt think it was right, they obeyed white people anyway. When MLK looked at the bigger picture and refused to be influenced by higher and outside forces, he rebelled. it takes a strong person to see there way out of problems in modern life and go against them. Unfortunatly, the majority of people are not strong enough to see there way out of modern problems. But it can only take one person to make everyone else realize we have a problem that needs to be fixed. |
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Essay #2
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-Zimbardo and Milgrim resolve the arguement between Pappenheim and Schopenhaur. It shows that Pappenheim is right. The experiment proves that people will do things they morally know are not right to appease to outside forces and groups. When people were told to shock the innocent man, they did it even though they knew it wasnt right. They did it because an outside force was telling them to. It shows that in very rare cases what Schopenhaur beleives can be true. The few people who dont listen to higher authority or a group and do what they think is right show that this is possible. But becuase those people are very limited, it shows Pappenheim's theory is what applyies to most people.
-Zimbardo and Milgrim provide evidence for the argument Pappenheim makes about human behavior in society. Pappenheim belived that we will give up our freedom to an authority figure or a group. The zimbardo experiemence proves that people will indeed do things in a group or do things that they are told by an authority figure that were completely contrary to their previous moral makeup. The need to fit in and belong takes over an individuals freedom. *when a minority of people did refuse to conform, this would prove Schopenhaur's theory. Martin Luther King was the exception to a majoirty of people that didnt give up their freedom. |
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Stratification on the Social Map/
Social Location and inequality. |
-We exist in society in relation to each other in unequal ways.
-There are people below us and people above us. By looking at someone and seeing the way they look you can generally place them on social map. -Burger states that status exist and we must play those roles and weather we like our place on map or not society will always perceive you that way. -Difficult to change your identity as women to male. By measures of wealth and status women hold lower place in society. Even if we dont agree with it , it will always exist. -Stratification is placing people on these cordinates and on that basing their position in society compared to other. Example: if you are white, you hold a higher place in society. |
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Ascribed Status
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-Something your born into. You have no power over it, its given to you.
-Example: Your born into your parents race and class status. You have your parents status of nationality and region. Your place in society is determined/ascribed by your birth parents. |
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Achieved Status
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-Something that is changeable and you have power over.
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Determinants of Status
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-Class is partially achieved and partially ascribed.
-Any status whether its class or something else is structured by our backgrounds. -Three factors that place people in society when focused on class: -Wealth: dominant factor, matters most -Power -Prestige |
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Income and wealth stratification
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When your talking about stratification your most likely talking about wealth and social class.
-Wealth is more then just your income- wealth comes in many forms while your incomes just your income. -Real Estate -Investments: stocks, bonds, artwork -Trust funds |
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The Rich, The Poor, And Life Chances
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o Chance of education, chance to make money
o These life chances are shaped by one’s economic condition o Physical health is affected by your class • Alcoholism is more common with lower class • Mental health is not well managed when people don’t have access to health care o Divorce rates are a lot higher in lower class • If you have no money problems your less likely to get divorced o When upper class has children they encourage their children’s to be creative while parents in lower classes teach their kids to always obey rules. They don’t have high expectations for their children because they know the likelihood of them achieving is slim. o Lack of money and lack of wealth filters through many elements of life and your life is highly affected by this. o American dream for most people is to do better economically than their parents did; to move up the class scale. |
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American ideology and vested interests
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A set of social ideas that explain and justify the status quo vested in society. Every society has ideology. American society has an ideology that is based on two ideas:
1. Equality 2. Meritocracy |
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Equality an an ideology in american society.
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• America says: If you work hard you will be treated equally to everyone else
• Woman are still making 78 cents for every dollar a man makes. This shows that according to gender, race, and class, there is no equality in work place. • United States has struggles with issues of equality especially in terms of gender. -We hold the value of equality and meritocracy – just as a positive outlook. Its a lie |
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Meritocracy an an ideology in american society.
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• Concept that if you rise by merit your achievements allow you to improve your position in society.
• Mobility comes from meritocracy: work hard-> improve class and move up. |
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What did Weber Believe
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What structures a society is ideas and ideology, not just wealth and materials
• There’s a distinction. If you want to figure out difference between modern society and pre modern society is you look for is the difference between rationality. A way of thinking is what defines a modern world. • Thought like Simmel. Weber thought modernity was similar to what Simmel says. Polar night of icy darkness is how he described modernity. • One of the elements of modernity is Bureaucracy. o They all have rules and regulations, every bureaucracy is different, but you need to follow them in every hierarchy. Different standards in every Bureaucracy. o No one can escape Bureaucracy. No one is beyond it or outside it. This is why burger talks about the social map as something you cant escape. Were all-apart of this Iron Cage. o You’ll never escape it, you’ll just move from one bureaucracy to another. |
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Features of what makes up a Bureaucracy.
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1. Hierarchy
2. Forman Written Communication 3. A set of rules and regulations 4. There Formal 5. Inpersonality of the system 6. You move ahead only if you meet standards of the rules. |
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Bureaucracy- Hierarchy:
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There is a hierarchy to how Bureaucracy is established.
Example: as entering students at BU were at the bottom. There’s a hierarchy. We keep going up until were graduates. In terms of decision making in administration teachers are at the bottom. You can figure out where you are. |
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Bureaucracy-A Set Of Rules and Regulations:
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There’s a certain set of rules you need to follow to move up and regulations. Bureaucracy is set up to make people follow rules
Example: we need to pass to move up in grades. |
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Bureaucracy-Inpersonality of the system:
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EXAMPLE: not personal. When you don’t get accepted to BU it’s very impersonal. Weber says this is very dehumanizing.
Example: If you don’t do your job right, you will get fired. This isn’t personal and has nothing to do with being a good person or not. The board of trustees of BU decide this. |
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What is the state / government?
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• A state / government is an institutionalized way of organizing society
• We use the term state because it the institutional society around government • Weber would say that a state is bureaucratized. We all live in a bureaucracy |
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Why does the state exist?
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• The state exist because it has a particular role to carry out such to establish laws and norms. It established laws and norms in society to create social control (to enforce conformity). Another reason the state exist is to create economic stability. Another reason why the state exist is to set goal, it provides direction and coherence for the people. The last purpose is to protect against outside threats.
• Each purpose of why the state exist is a form for socialization. It allows social forces to shape the individual. |
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Functionalist View on States
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• The state emerged because society became so complexed and large that only a specialized central institution could manage the intertwined....
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Conflict View on States
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• Marxism: States exist for suppression.
• It suppresses one class in favor of another • Lenin: the state is organized violence against the workers • States functions on control over various times |
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Social Movement
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A social movement is defined as a collected number of people who are called about to support a change.
• Important: they are all organized and collective: they all have a life-cycle: from beginning stage to institutionalize to fragmentation to demise |
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Reactionary Social Movement:
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resists change
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Conservative Social Movement:
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o wants to maintain the status quo, the current ideas and beliefs
o example: the case against gay marriage |
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Revisionary Social Movement:
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o wants to overthrow all conventions of the society
o it differs from revisionary by the degree of change o example: the apartheid in South Africa |
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Expressive Social Movement:
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o seeks personal feelings of satisfaction
o often religious in nature: new age |
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James Madison
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• Faction
o You can have a majority faction. Its an organized group of people that can represent either a majority or minority group. Interest group. Democratic party and republican is faction because it’s a group of citizens advocating on a cause. Factions are violent. He wants to repair the violence of faction. They are violent because they polarize society. You are deprived of liberty and whenever something deprives you of liberty its going to result in violence. |
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Madison- Why do we have Faction?
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We have faction because its human nature. WE all have our own opinions. Reason will dictate that we will reach different conclusions about different things. You and I wont agree but you will get people on your side and the other person will get on their side and that causes faction.
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Madison-Cause of Faction:
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you cant deprive liberty so you cant abolish it because its essential to life. So you either need to get everyone to agree with each other and have same opinions or you need to deprive people of liberty. Youll never get everyone to agree. They don’t want to destroy liberty, but Madison says democracies don’t cure faction. They encourage factions because everyone has their own opinions and freedom of speech which will cause conflict. Monarch is at least honest and tells you that you don’t have an opinion, but democracy tells you you have freedom and an opinion but when people vote for something and they don’t get what they vote for there not having freedom. Cant use democracy because it takes away peoples liberty. If theres one person against 1000 who doesn’t agree with the point, there liberty cant be taken away.
• Example: Voting. If people vote for war, and the war wins, the people who voted against the war are still forced to go to war. |
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Madison- How do we fix faction:
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A republic. Because we are not truthfully a democracy. If you give people the right to vote it can not be taken away. The founders didn’t want to give us a right to vote because they didn’t trust democracy.
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Kaplan
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• you have an argument that this project has reached its end. Democracy is over. Economic threatens democracy. Buisness is structured by beuracracy. Beuracracy encourages a hierarchy government. The rule of many by a few. Not always civil, since freedom of speach, hitler rose to power through democracy.
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Power And Authority
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Definition of power
-Power is the ability of individuals in a group to realize there will even if it involves the resistance of others. -Can be achieved through group force or non-coercive force. -If you exercise powers your will, will be recognized. -Legitimized through authority. |
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Legal-Rational
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-Based on established framework or rules and regulations that come from a codified set of laws that members of a certain society commonly agree upon.
-How it works: Busted by police for smokeing weed-> what gives police right to handcuff you-> he possess the legal rational invested with authority to arrest if rules are broken. -Position of legal rational authority doesnt give you the right to do whatever you want. (police, judge, and president) all have limits. -Example: president- commander and chief must act in accordance with rules of his office set by the constitution can be impeached and removed if he doesnt follow rules. -No one individual are above the law- the law is everything. |
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Charismatic
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Someone in doubt whose special personal qualities allows him to win the trust support from others.
-Gift of Grace -Example: martin luther- able to move millions of fellow countrymen to overthrow segregation-> accomplish through passion that allowed him to connect with people-> was inspired by unusual vision of future (live in american not judge by skin but by character. -Leaders arouse people, make vulnerable to groups who may not see the world as they do, become targets of acts of physical violence (MLK was murdered) -Not always stable or easily transferable because this kind of authoirty stems from an individual -When leader dies things fall apart. -EXAMPLE: Alexander the Great (military commander) conquered territory and in the process made homeland the richest and largest of the world but when he dies it all came undone and the empire falls down. This type of authority never lasts. |
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Mills Power Elite Theory
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-Believed in small homogenous group of individuals that run the US called the power elite control economic, political systems of the country.
-Take close look at millitary, political, and economy. s a small group of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth, privilege, and access to decision-making of global consequence. -Highly self conscious. They hang in same social circles, go to the same prep schools, and go to ivy league colleges together while hanging at the same social clubs (skull and bones- newly member is expected to lie in an open coffin in front of other members and relate your personal sexual history. Implications of his theory: We dont have a democracy. Most decisions effecting our daily lives would be made by daily elite. Example: The wizard didnt exist it was the mysterious man behind the curtain. Man behind the curtain. |
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How does the Power Elite govern country?
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The power elite are the leadership of the upper class, able to shape the economy through their simultaneous access to both state and corporate power.
Unlike the ruling class, a social formation based on heritage and social ties, the power elite is characterized by the organizational structure through which its wealth is acquired. According to Mills, the power elite is "the managerial reorganization of the propertied classes into the more or less unified stratum of the corporate rich."[2] Domhoff further clarified the differences in the two terms: "The upper class as a whole does not do the ruling. Instead, class rule is manifested through the activities of a wide variety of organizations and institutions... Leaders within the upper class join with high-level employees in the organizations they control to make up what will be called the power elite."[3] According to C. Wright Mills, among the best known power-elite theorists, the governing elite in the United States draws its members from three areas: (1) the highest political leaders including the president and a handful of key cabinet members and close advisers; (2) major corporate owners and directors; and (3) high-ranking military officers. |
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Nature of Democracy
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-Rules of the people from ancient Greece
-Resides in hands of people directly and indirctly through a system of representation -People have right to participate in decision making process and choose or dismiss their leaders through regular elections. -Based on legal rational authority, when explicit rules and procedures determine found in consitituion -Constitution contains basic principles and laws of nations that determine powers and duties of government and guarentees certain rights to people-> Bill of Rights- exercise free speech -Can be Fragile- Germany after WWII- due to factors such as economic depression and war debts the republic was doomed by 1930s Hitler and nazis were able to achieve supreme power and establish totalitarian regime. -Has existed in Wester Europe and north america. |
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Traditional economy
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-Based on tradition or custom
-follow becuase the ways things have been or allways will be. -Passed down through generations by blood line- > inherited. -Doesnt earn given by birth right -When a family leader dies they are succeeded by eldist child (son) if something happens to son passes on to next eldest because thats the way things have always been done. Example: Kennedys. |
