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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What organs are in the skeletal system?
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bones, joints, ligaments
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What are the functions of the skeletal system? (5)
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Support, protection, movement, storage, hematopoiesis
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The Skeletal system protects the ______ ________.
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internal organs
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Skeletal system maintains homeostasis of the ______ levels in the body.
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Calcium
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hematopoiesis
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production of blood cells in the "spongy" or canellous bone
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Where does hematopoiesis occur?
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red marrow within "spongy" / cancellous material within the bones
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In which does hematopoiesis occur?
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long bones, vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, and sternum
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Where is the primary site for bone marrow aspirations?
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pelvic bone
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"spongy" bone
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cancellous material in the bone
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Marrow is filled with blood-producing cells called ____ ____.
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stem cells
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Which 3 types of cells is produced by hematopoiesis?
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red blood cells, white blod cells, platelets
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What is white blood cells function?
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make up art of the immune system to help fight infections
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What is red blood cells function?
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responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body
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What is platelets function?
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clot blood to prevent bleeding
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Calcitonin
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produced by thyroid gland, moves calcium from blood to storage
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When calcium levels are high, ______ moves calcium from the blood into the bone storage.
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calcitonin
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When calcium levels are low, ______ moves calcium from the bone storage into the blood .
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parathyroid hormone
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Parathyroid Hormone
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produced by the parathyroid glands, moves calcium from storage to the blood
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Why do women begin to devlop osteoporosis after menopause?
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drop in estrogen levels
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______ maintain strong bone and stimulate bone formation in bothe men and women.
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testosterone
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Low balances of ______ and ______ are associated with osteoporosis.
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estrogen and testosterone
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______ helps the parathyroid glands keep calcium levels in balance.
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estrogen
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What are the 4 major types of bone according to shape?
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long, short, flat, irregular
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humerus is an example of a _____ bone?
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long bone
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carpals are an example of a _____ bone?
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short bone
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skull is an example of a _____ bone?
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flat bone
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vertabrae is an example of a _____ bone?
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irregular bone
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diaphysis
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hollow tube or hard compact bone of the long bone; shaft
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shaft
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hollow tube or hard compact bone of the long bone; diaphysis
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medullary cavity
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hollow area inside diaphysis that contains yellow marrow
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yellow marrow
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stores fat / adipose for extreme starvation
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endosteum
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lining of the medullary cavity
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epiphysis
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ends of the bone containing spongy bone (which contains red marrow)
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articular cartilage
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covers epiphysis, funtion - cushion
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periosteum
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strong membrane covering bone except at joint surfaces
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LIst the following in order from superficial to deep. Compact Bone, Medullary Cavity, Endosteum, Periosteum
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Periosteum, Compact Bone, Endosteum, Medullary Cavity
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LIst the following in order from deep to superficial. Compact Bone, Medullary Cavity, Endosteum, Periosteum
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Medullary Cavity, Endosteum, Compact Bone, Periosteum
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Describe Spongy Bone.
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network of open spaces in the threads of the bone, found - epiphysis of bones, contain red marrow
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Describe Compact Bone
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Made up of osteons / calcified matrix, Function- strength, storage
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Osetoblasts
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forms bone cells or osteocytes
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Waves of ______ form new layers of bone.
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osteoblasts
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Osteoclasts
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reabsorbs (breaks down) bone cells or osteocytes
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Osteocytes
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bone cell, most abundant in bone tissue
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Describe the appearance of a osteocyte.
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star - shaped cell with a thin ring of cytoplasm
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How does osteoblast become osteocytes?
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When osteoblasts become trapped in their own secretion they become osteocytes.
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lacunae
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spaces that an osteocyte occupies
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How many osteocytes can a lacunae hold up to?
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1
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cartilage is made of ______ tissue
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connective
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Describe cartilage.
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firm gel with fibers imbedded which makes it flexible like firm plastic
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Cartilage lacks _____ _______, so it recieves nutrients by ______.
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blood vessels, diffusion
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What heals faster cartilage or bone?
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bone
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Where can you find cartilage?
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ribs, ears, joints, vertebrae, sutures in the skull, bronchial tubes, epiglottis
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What are the 3 form of cartilage?
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hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
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What are characteristics of hyaline cartilage?
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hard, translucent, absobs sound waves
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Where can you find hyaline cartilage?
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end of the bone (articular surface of joints), ear, larynx, ribs and sternum
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What are characteristics of elastic cartilage?
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large amounts of elastic fibers (elastin) , stiff yet elastic, shock absorber
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Where can you find elastic cartilage?
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pinna of the ear, auditory canals, epiglottis
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What are characteristics of fibrocartilage?
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white, tough material, strong for support, more collagen than hyaline,
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Where can you find fibrocartilage?
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interveterbral discs, symphysis pubis, attachment of some tandons and ligaments
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osteon
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calcified matrix arranged in concentric lamella with osteocytes, lacunae, and canaliculi; Haversian System
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Early bone development consists of ________ and _______ structures.
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cartilage and fibrous
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Endochrondral Ossification
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process of formation of bone in place of cartilage,
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When does ossification take place in the womb?
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8th week
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epiphyseal plate
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cartilage in bone which will become bone as growth and development continues
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What method can be done to view the potential growth of a person?
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x-ray
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Girls generally stop growing between ___ and __.
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14 and 18
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Boys generally stop growing between ___ and __.
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16 and 21
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Bones are completely set by ___.
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25
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When does cartilage stop growing?
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till the day we die
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Bones in the axial skeleton
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skull, spine, thorax
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Bones in the appendicular skeleton?
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upper extremities and lower extremities
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BONE: forehead and part of eye socket
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frontal
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BONE: frontal
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forehead and part of eye socket
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BONE: bulging topsides of the cranium
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parietal
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BONE: parietal
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bulging topsides of the cranium
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BONE: lower sides of cranium, containing inner ear bones
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temporal
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BONE: temporal
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lower sides of cranium, containing inner ear bones
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BONE: back of skull with foramen magmun
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occipital
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BONE: occipital
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back of skull with foramen magmun
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BONE: central part of floor of cranium
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sphenoid
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BONE: sphenoid
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central part of floor of cranium
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BONE: floor of cranium, root of nose, nasal septum
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ethmoid
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BONE: ethmoid
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floor of cranium, root of nose, nasal septum
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BONE: form upper part of bridge of the nose
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nasal
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BONE: nasal
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form upper part of bridge of the nose
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BONE: upper jaw bones,
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maxilla
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BONE: maxilla
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upper jaw bones,
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BONE: cheek bone
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zygomatic
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BONE: zygomatic
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cheek bone
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BONE: lower jaw
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mandible
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BONE: mandible
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lower jaw
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BONE: small bones form medial wall of orbit and side wall of nasal cavity
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lacrimal
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BONE: lacrimal
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small bones form medial wall of orbit and side wall of nasal cavity
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BONE: palatine
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back part of roof of the mouth
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BONE: back part of roof of the mouth
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paltine
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Where is the Hyoid bone
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small U-shaped bone upper neck, below mandible above larynx
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Function of the Hyoid Bone
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provide anchor point for the muscles of the tongue and for those in the upper part of the neck
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What are 3 abnormal curves found in the vertebrae?
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lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis
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Cervical and Lumbar vertebrae are ______ curves.
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concave
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Thoracic and Sacral are _____ curves.
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convex
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How many pairs of ribs?
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12
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How many true ribs?
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7 pairs
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How many false ribs?
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5 pairs
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The true ribs attach to the ______ via _______ _______.
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sternum via coastal cartilage
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The last 2 pairs of floating ribs attach to _____ cartilage.
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no
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Sternum is _______, consisting of ______, _____, and _______.
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breastbone, manubrium, body, xiphoid process
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The axial skeleton has ___ bones.
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80
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The appendicular has ___ bones.
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126
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BONE: scapula
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shoulder blade
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BONE: clavicle
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collar bone
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BONE: radius
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lies lateral (on the thumb side) on the forearm
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BONE: ulna
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lies medial on the forearm
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How many bones are in the carpals?
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8
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How many bones are in the metacarpals?
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5
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How many bones are in the phalanges?
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14
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Many small bones in the hand allow for high _____ of the hand.
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dexerity
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The pelvic girdle ...?
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connects the legs to the trunk.
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The _____ bone is the hip bone.
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coxal
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What is the longest bone in the body?
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femur
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