Skeletal System

Front 1

Functions of bone

Back 1

Protect-Support-Movement- Production of blood-Provide attachment for muscles-Mineral reserve

Front 2

What are the two main divisoins of bone

Back 2

Axial- Head Neck and trunk

Appendicular- Not connectwd to spine

Front 3

How are bones classified

Back 3

Long bone- longer than wide

Short bone- equal in length and width

Flat bone- thin and plate like

Irragular bone- dont fit in the other

Sesamoid bone- embedded in a tendon

Front 4

Ex of long bone

Back 4

Femur

Front 5

Ex of short bone

Back 5

Carpals

Front 6

Ex of Flat bone

Back 6

Sternum

Front 7

Ex of Irregular bond

Back 7

Vertebrae

Front 8

Ex of sesamoid bone

Back 8

Patella

Front 9

Diaphysis

Back 9

The bone shaft

Front 10

Epiphysis

Back 10

Ends of the shaft; point where joint is formed

Front 11

Articular Cartilage

Back 11

Hyaline carilage found on the articulating part of long bone

Front 12

Periosteum

Back 12

Tough fibrous tissue covwring outside of bone

Front 13

Compact bone

Back 13

Makes up wall of diaphysis. Tightly packed

Front 14

Spongy bone

Back 14

Makes up ephysis covered in thin layers of compact bone. Where red blood celss come from

Front 15

Meduary cavity

Back 15

Space inside diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow

Front 16

Epiphyseal Plate (Growth plate)

Back 16

Line at ends of bone where growth occurs

Front 17

Ha ersion canal

Back 17

Eyetem of canals that runs through bone contains at least on capillary. Embedded within lacunae

Front 18

Def of Lacunae

Back 18

Sma cavities that contain ostecytes

Front 19

Def of osteocytes

Back 19

Bone cells

Front 20

Def of Canaliculi

Back 20

Are the canals thay connect the Lacuna

Front 21

What are (W.R.) Osteocytes

Back 21

Mature bone cells

Front 22

What are Osteoblast

Back 22

Bone forming cells (builder)

Front 23

What are Osteoclast

Back 23

Cells that erode the bone

Front 24

List two body systems the skeletal system supports

Back 24

Cardio- nervous- reproductive- etc.

Front 25

How do compact and spongy bone differ

Back 25

Compact makes up diaphysis

Spongy mames up epiphysis

Front 26

Fissure

Back 26

Narrow opening for blood vessels/Nerves

Front 27

Faramen

Back 27

Round opening foe things to pass through

Front 28

Meatus

Back 28

Tubelike passage or canal running through a bone

Front 29

Fossa

Back 29

A depression or dent

Front 30

Condyle

Back 30

Roubd process that connects with another bone

Front 31

Head

Back 31

An enlargement on the end of the bone

Front 32

Facet

Back 32

Smooth flat surface

Front 33

Tubercle

Back 33

Small round process

Front 34

Tuberosity

Back 34

Large round usally roughened process

Front 35

What is the bone shaft called

Back 35

Diaphysis

Front 36

Trochanter

Back 36

Larger;blunt process

Front 37

Crest

Back 37

Narrow ridge like projection

Front 38

Red bone marrow

Back 38

Foud in many flat bones. Prlduces RBC and WBC and platelets.

Front 39

Yellow bone marrow

Back 39

Found in medullary cavity of long bones. Makes some WBC due to amts of fat.

Front 40

Intramenbranous Bones Development Steps

Back 40

1. Skull bones begin btw layers of connective tissue

2. Some of connective tissue changes into osteoblasts

3. Outside develops into the periosteum

4. Osteoblasts first form spongy bone and then compact bone

5. Osteoblasts are surronded with matrix theu become osteocytes

Front 41

Endochondral Bones Development steps

Back 41

1. Begin as Hyaline

2. In diaphysis catilage slowly break down/disappears; Spongy bone forms

3. Osteoblasts continue to deposit compact bone over spongy

4. Epiphysis plate forms btw the 1st and 2nd ossification sites

5. Bone stops growing

Front 42

Def of primary ossification

Back 42

Spongy bone occurs

Front 43

Def of secondary ossification

Back 43

Compact bone forms

Front 44

Distinguish btw and osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclasts

Back 44

Blast- builds the bone

Cyte- mature bone

Clasts-erodes the bone

Front 45

Why would a doctor be concern if a yound child fractured their bone at the epiphyseal plate

Back 45

Because it is the growth plate; fracturing can lead to may other problems

Front 46

Fracture repair steps

Back 46

1. Blood vessels inside bone and in periosteum rupture and blood clot is formed (hematoma)

2. Blasts forms blood vessels invade the hematoma. Osteo divide forming spongy bone

3. Boney callus replaces fibrocartilage

4. Clasts remove excess boney tissue restoring new bone.

Front 47

Types of fractures

Back 47

1. Green stick - incomplete fracture in the long axis

2. Longitudial- splits bone length wise

3. Oblique- occurs at any angle other than roght

4. Spiral- spirl or S-Shaped

5. Transverse- occurs at right angle

6. Compression- crushing together)

7. Comminuted- produced by severe violence; results in one or more fragments

Front 48

Briefly; 4 steps that occur when bone breaks

Back 48

Hematoma / spongy bone / bonsy callus / bone restored

Front 49

Joint facts

Back 49

Is Junction btw bones Classified according to degree of movement There are three types

Classified according to degree of movement

Classified according to degree of movement There are three types

There are three types

Front 50

Fibrous Joints

Back 50

Not moveble; sutures of head

Front 51

Cartilaginous Joints

Back 51

Slight movement; formed by hyaline or fibrocartilage. Spine first rib of sternum

Front 52

Synovial joints

Back 52

Moveble- 6 different types surronded by a joint capsule

Front 53

Def of Menisci

Back 53

Fibrocartilage

Front 54

Def of Bursa

Back 54

Fluid Filledsacs

Front 55

Types of Synovial joints

Back 55

1. Ball and socket- 360 motion

2. Condyloid- all movement but rotation

3. Gliding- surfaces are nearly flat; allow sliding

4. Hinge- 180 degrees of motion

5. Pivot- Head and neck

6. Saddle- both concave and convex points

Front 56

What are the 3 different types of joints

Back 56

Fibrous

Cartilginous

Synovial

Front 57

Abduction-Adduction

Back 57

Move away-move towards

Front 58

Extension-Flexion

Back 58

Increase angle-decrease angle

Front 59

Hyperextension

Back 59

Move past normal

Front 60

Dorsiflexion

Back 60

Big toe towards body

Front 61

Plantar Flexion

Back 61

Push on gas pedal

Front 62

Rotation

Back 62

Move back and fourth

Front 63

Circumduction

Back 63

Rotates and makes cone

Front 64

Pronation

Back 64

Palms down

Front 65

Supination

Back 65

Palms up

Front 66

Eversion-Inversion

Back 66

Toe out-Toe In

Front 67

Protraction-Retraction

Back 67

Jaw out-Jaw back

Front 68

Elevation-Depression

Back 68

Shoulder up-shoulder down

Front 69

Osteoporosis

Back 69

Bone density level is low. Usally in old people. Risk of low calcium. Lack of excersise

Front 70

Osteoarthritis

Back 70

Degeneration of joints. Usally due to age or injury

Front 71

Middle ear infection (otitis media)

Back 71

Mastoid process membrane gets infected. Spreads by bacteria and can get dizzy

Front 72

Bone cancer (osteocarcoma)

Back 72

From bone itself but can be mestastasize as from other places (lung/brust/prostate)

Front 73

Acromegaly

Back 73

Pitutary gland produces too much growth hormone usally caused by tumor

Front 74

Gigantism

Back 74

Too much GH furing ingancy

Front 75

Dwarfism

Back 75

Too littel GH during infancy

Front 76

Rickets

Back 76

Vitamin D Deficiantcy (thats spelt aronf ik but i am TIRED)

Front 77

Vitamin A deficiency

Back 77

Causes retardation of bone development and night blindness in children

Front 78

Cleft palate

Back 78

Palatine process and the maxilla dont connect all the way. Occurs in early stages.

Front 79

Cleft lip

Back 79

Is just when the lip is involved