Signs And Symptoms In Psychiatry

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Signs

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Observations and objective findings elicited by the clinician, such as a patient's constricted affect or psychomotor retardation.

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Symptoms

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The subjective experiences described bythe patient, often expressed as the chief complaint, such as depressed mood or lack of energy.

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Syndrome

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A group of signs and symptoms that together make u a recognizable condition, which can be more equivocal than a specific disorder or disease.

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Consciousness

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State of awareness (the term sensorium is sometimes used as a synonym for consciousness)

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Disorientation

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disturbance of orientation in time, place or person.

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Echopraxia

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pathological imitation of movements of one person by another.

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Catatonia and postural abnormalities

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seen in catatonic schizophrenia and some cases of brain diseases such as encephalitis.

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Catalepsy

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general term for an immobile position that is constantly maintained.

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Catatonic excitment

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agitated, purposeless motor activity, uninfluenced by external stimuli.

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Catatonic Stupor

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markedly slowed motor activity, often to a point of immobility and seeming unawareness of surroundings.

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Catatonic Rigidity

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voluntary assumption of a rigid posture, held against all efforts to be moved.

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Catatonic posturing

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assumption of an inappropriate or bizarre posture, generally maintained for long periods.

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Cereaflexibilitas (waxy flexibility)

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condition of a person who can be molded into a position that is then maintained; when an examiner moves the person's limb, the limb fees as if it were made of wax.

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Akinesia

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lack of physical movement, as in the extreme immobility of catatonic schizophrenia; may also occur as an extrapyramidal side effect of antipsychotic mediation.

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Negativism

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resistnce to all attempts to be moved or to all instructions

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Cataplexy

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temporaryloss ofmuscle tone and weakness precipitated by a variety of emotional states.

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Stereotypy

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repetitive fixed pattern of physical action or speech.

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Mannerism

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ingrained, havitual involuntary movement.

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Automatism

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automatic performance of an act or acts generally representative of unconscious symbolic activity.

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Command Automatism

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automatic following of suggestions (also automatic obedience).

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Mutism

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voicelessness without structural abnormalities.

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Psychomotor Agitation

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excessive motor and cognitive overactivity, usually nonproductive and in response to inner tension.

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Hyperactivity (hyperkinesis)

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restless, aggressive, destructive activity, often associated with some underlying brain pathology

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Tic

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involuntary, spasmodic motor movement

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Sleepwalking (somnambulism)

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motor activity during sleep

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Akathisia

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subjective feeling of muscular tension secondary to antipsychotic or other medication, which can cause restlessness, pacing, and repeated sitting and standing; can be mistaken for psychotic agitation

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Compulsion

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uncontrollable impulse to perform an act repetitively

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Dipsomania

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compulsion to drink alcohol

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Kleptomania

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compulsion to steal

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Nymphomania

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excessive and compulsive need for coitus in a woman

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Satyriasis

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excessive and compulsive need for coitus in a man

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Trichotillomania

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compulsion to pull out hair

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Ritual

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automatic activity, compulsive in nature, anxiety reducing in nature

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Ataxia

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failure of muscle coordination; irregularity in muscle action

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Polyphagia

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pathalogical overeating

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Polydypsia

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pathological intake of water

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Tremor

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rhythmis alteration in movement; which is usually faster than one beat a second; typically tremors decrease during relaxation and sleep and increase during periods of anger and increased agitation

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Flocillation

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aimless picking, usually at clothing or bed clothes commonly seen in delerium

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Hypoactivity (hypokinesis)

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decreased motor and cognitive activity, as in psychomotor retardation; visible slowing of thought, speech and movements

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Mimicry

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simple imitative motor activity of childhood

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Aggression

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forceful, goal-directed action that may be verbal or physical the motor counterpart of the affect of rage, anger or hostility

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Acting Out

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direct expression of an unconscious wish or impulse in action; living out unconscious fantasy impulsively in behavior

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Abulia

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reduced impulse to act and think, associated with indifference about consequesnces of action; a result of neurologic deficit

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Anergia

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lack of energy (anergy)

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Astasia Abasia

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the inability to stand or walk in a normal manner, even though normal leg movements can be performed in a sitting or lying down position. The gait is bizarre and is not suggestive of a specific organic lesion; seen in conversion disorder

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Coprophagia

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eating of filth or feces

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Glossolalia

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expression of a revelatory message through unintelligible words (also known as speaking in tongues); not considered a disturbance in thought if associated with practices of specific Pentecostal religions; also known as cryptolalia, a private spoken language

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Poverty of content

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thought that gives little information because of vagueness, empty repetitions, or obscure phrases

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Overvalued Idea

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unreasonable, sustained false belief maintained less firmly than a delusion

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Delusion

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false belief, based on incorrect inference about external reality, not consistent with patient's intelligence and cultural background; cannot be corrected by reasoning

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Bizarre Delusion

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an absurd, totally implausible, stgrange false belief for example, invaders from space have implanted electrodes in a person's brain

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Systematized Delusion

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false belief or beliefs united by a single event or theme for example, a person is being persecuted by the CIA, the FBI, or the Mafia

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Mood-Congruent Delusions

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delusion with mood-approriate content for example, a depressed patient believes that he or she is responsible for the destruction of the world

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Mood-Incongruent Delusion

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Delusion with content that has no association to mood or is mood neutral for example, a depressed patient has delusions of thought control or thought broadcasting

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Nihilistic Delusion

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false feeling that self, others, or the world is nonexistent or coming to an end

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Delusion of Poverty

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a person's false belief thta he or she is bereft or will be deprived of all material possessions

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Somatic Delusion

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false belief involving functioning of the body for example the body is melting or rotting

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Paranoid Delusions

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includes persecutory delusions and delusions of reference, control, and grandeur (distinguished from paranoid ideation, which is suspiciousness of less than delusional proportions)

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Delusion of persecution

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a person's false belief that he or shi is being harassed, cheated, or persecuted; often found in litigious patients who have a pthological tendency to take legal action because of imagined mistreatment

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Delusion of Grandeur

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a person's exaggerated conception of his or her importance, power or identity

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Delusion of Reference

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a person's false belief that the behavior of others refers to himself or herself; that events, objects, or other have have a particular and unusual significance, usually of a negative nature; derived from idea of reference, in which a person falsely feels that others are takling about him or her (for example, belief that people on television or radio are talking to or about the person)

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Delusion of Self-Accusation

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false feeling of remorse and guild

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Delusion of Control

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false feeling that a person's will, thoughts, or feelings are being controlled by external forces

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Thought Withdrawal

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delusion that thoughts are being removed from a person's mind by other people or forces

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Thought Insertion

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delusion that thoughts are being implanted in a person's mind by other prople or forces

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thought Broadcasting

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delusiom that a person's thoughts can be heard by others, as though they were being broadcast over the air

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Thought Control

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delusion that a person's thoughts are being controlled by other people or forces

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Delusion of Infidelity

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(delusional jealousy) false belief derived from pathological jealousy about a person's lover being unfaithful

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Erotomania

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delusional belief, more common in women than in men, that someone is deeply in love with them (also know as Clerambault-Kandinsky complex)

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Pseudologia Phantastica

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a type of lying in which a person appears to believe in the reality of his or her fantasies and acts on them; associated with Munchasen Syndrome, repeated feigning of illness

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Trend or Preoccupation of thought

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centering of thought content on a particular idea, associated with a stong affective tone, such as a paranoid trend or a suicidal or homicidal preoccupation

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Egomania

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pathological preoccupation with self

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Monomania

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preoccupation with a single object

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Hypochondria

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exaggerated concern about health that is based not on real organic pathology but, rather, on unrealistic interpretations of physical signs or sensations as abnormal

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Obsession

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pathological persistence of an irresistible thought or feeling that cannot be eliminated from consciousness by logical effort; associated with anxiety

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Compulsion

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pathological need to act on an impulse that, if resisted, produces anxiety; repepetive behavior in response to an obsession or performed according to certain rules, with no true end in itself other that to prevent something from occurring in the future

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Coprolalia

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compulsive utterance of obscene words

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Phobia

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persistent, irrational, exaggerated, and invariable pathological dread of a specific stimulus or situation; resultsin a compelling desire to avoid the feared stimulus

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Specific Phobia

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circumscribed dread of a discrete object or situation (for example, dread of spiders or snakes)

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Social Phobia

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dread of public humiliation, as in fear of public speaking, or eating in public

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Acrophobia

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dread of high places

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Agoraphobia

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dread of open places

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Algophobia

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dread of pain

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Ailurophobia

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dread of cats

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Erythrophobia

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dread of red (refers to a fear of blushing)

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Panphobia

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dread of everything

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Hallucinosis

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hallucinations, most often auditory, that are associated with chronic alcohol abuse and that occur withina clear sensorium, as opposed to delirium tremens, hallucinations that occur in the context of a clouded sensorium

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Synesthesia

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sensation or hallucination caused by another sensation (for example, an auditory sensation acopanied by aor triggering a visual sensation; a sound experienced as being seen, or a visual event experienced as being heard

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Trailing Phenomenon

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perceptual abnormality associated with hallucinogenic drugs in which moving objects are seen as a series of discrete and discontinuous images

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Command Hallucination

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false perception of orders that a person may feel obliged to obey or unable to resist

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Illusion

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misperception or misinterpretation of real external sensory stimuli

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Agnosia

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an inability to recognize and interpret the significance of sensory impressions

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Anosognosia (ignorance of illness)

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a person's inability to recognize a neurologic deficit as occuriring to himself or herself

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Somatopagnosia (ignorance of body)

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a person's inability to recognize a body part as his or her own (also called autotopagnosia)

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Visual Agnosia

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inability to recognize objects or persons

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Asterognosis

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inability to recognize objects by touch

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Prosopagnosia

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inability to recognize faces

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Apraxia

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inability to carry out specific tasks

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Simultagnosia

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inability to comprehend more than one element of a visual scene at a time or to integrate the parts into a whle

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Adiadochokinesia

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inability to perform rapid alternating movements

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Aura

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warning sensations such as automatisms, fullness in the stomach, blushing, and changges in repiration, cognitive sensations, and affective states usually experienced before a seizure; a sensory prodrome that precedes a classic migraine headache

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Hysterical Amesthesia

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loss of sensory modalities resulting from emotional conflicts

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Macropsia

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state in which objects seem larger thatn they are

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Micropsia

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state in which objects seem smaller that they are (both macropsia and micropsia can also be associated with clear organic conditions, such as complex partial seizures)

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Depersonalization

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a person's subjective sense of being unreal, strange, or unfamiliar

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Derealizization

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a subjective sense that the environment is strange or unreal; a feeling of changed reality

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Fugue

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taking on a new identity with amnesia for the old identity; often involves travel or wandering to new environments

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Multiple Personality

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one person who appears at different times to be two or more entirely different personalities and characters (called disociative identity disorder in the 4th DSM)

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Dissociation

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unconscious defense mechanism involving the segregation of any group of mental or behavioral processes from the rest of the person's psychic activity; may entail the separatin of an idea from its accompanying emotional tone, as seen in dissociative and conversion disorders

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Memory

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function by which information stored in the brain is later recalled to consciousness . Orientation is the normal state of oneself and oe's surroundings in terms of time, place, and person

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Amnesia

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partial or total inabiity to recall past xperiences; may be organic or emotional in origin

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Anterorade

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amnesia for events occurring after a point in time

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Retrograde

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amnesia for events occurring before a point in time

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Paramnesia

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falsification of memeory by distortion of recall

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Fausse Reconnaissance

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false recognition

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Retrospective Falsification

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memory becomes unintentionally (unconsciously) distorted by being filtered through a person's present emotional, cognitive, and experiential state

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Confabulation

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unconscious filling of gaps in memory by imagined or untrue experiences that a person believes but tht have no basis in fact; most often associated with organic pathology

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Deja Vu

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illusion of visual recognition in which a new situation is incorrectly regarded as a repetition of a previous memory

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Deja Entendu

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illusion of auditory recognition

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Deja Pense

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illusion that a new thought is recognized as a thought previously felt or expressed

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Jamais Vu

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false feeling of unfamiliarity with a real situation that a person has experienced

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False Memory

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a person's recollection and belief of an event that did not actually occur

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Hypermnesia

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exaggerated degree of retention and recall

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Eidetic Image

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visual memory of almost hallucinatory vividness

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Screen Memory

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a consciously tolerable memory coering for a painful memory

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Repression

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a defense mechanism characterized by unconscious forgetting of unacceptavle ideas or impulses

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Lethologica

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temporary inability to remember a name or a proper noun

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Blackout

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amnesia experienced by alcoholics about behavior during drinking bouts; usually indicates that reversible brain damage has occurred

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Abreaction

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a process by which repressed material, particularly a painful experience or a conflict, is brought back to consciousness, person also relives as well as recalls

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Abstract Thinking

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thinking characterized by the ability to grasp the essentials of a whole, to break a whole into its parts, and to discern common properties

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Abulia

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reduced impulse to act and to think, associated with indifference about consequences of action. Occurs as a result of neurological deficit, depression and schizophrenia

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Acaluculia

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loss of ability to do calculations; not caused by anxiety or impairment in concentration. Occurs with neurological deficit and learning disorder

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Acataphasia

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Disordered speech in which statements are incorrectly formulated

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Acathexis

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lack of feeling associated with an ordinarily emotioanlly charged subject in psychoanaalysis, it denotes the patient's detaching or transferring of emotion from thoughts and ideas. Also called decathexis, occurs in anxiety, dissociative disorders and schizophrenic and bipolar DO

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Acenesthesia

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loss of sensation of physical existence