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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What percentage of the glenohumeral articular surfaces are actually in contact? |
25-30% |
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Name the fibrous structure which increases the depth of the socket in the glenohumeral joint |
Glenoid Labrum |
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How is the articular surface of the glenoid fossa orientated? |
Laterally Slightly anterior Slightly superior |
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What is another name for the intertubercular groove? |
Bicipital groove |
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Which ligament helps keep the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii in the intertubercular groove? |
Transverse humeral ligament |
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Which 2 ligaments prevent lateral (and therefore inferior) dislocation of the humerus? |
1. Coracohumeral ligament 2. Glenohumeral ligament |
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Which ligament prevents superior dislocation of the humerus? |
Coracoacromial ligament. Forms a roof above the humeral head. |
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A. Coracoacromial ligament B. Coracohumeral ligament |
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What types of movements are possible for the scapula? |
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How would you classify the sternoclavicular joint? |
A plane, synovial joint. Multi-axial |
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What are the articular surfaces of the sternoclavicular joint? |
1. sternal end of clavicle 2. clavicular notch of sternum 3. costal cartilage of rib 1 |
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How would you classify the Acromioclavicular joint? |
Synovial, multi-axial plane joint. |
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A. Name the structure B. Function? |
A. Coracohumeral ligament B. Prevents lateral (therefore inferior) dislocation of humerus |
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A. identify structure B. function? |
A. Transverse humeral ligament B. holding tendon of biceps (long head) in its groove |
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A. identify structure B. function? |
A. Coracoacromial ligament B. prevents superior dislocation of humerus |
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Glenohumeral ligament (superior/middle/inferior parts) |
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Coracoclavicular ligament (trapezoid part) |
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A. Name the structure B. Name a special feature |
A. Coracoclavicular ligament (conoid part) B. This ligament forms a pivot point from which the clavicle can upwardly rotate. |
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What type of axis does flexion/extension occur at the elbow joint? |
Transverse axis |
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A. Costoclavicular ligament B. Interclavicular ligament C. Articular disc |
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Classify the elbow joint. |
Synovial, uniaxial, hinge |
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Name the articular surfaces of the elbow joint |
Trochlear of humerus Capitulum of humerus Head of radius Trochlear notch of ulna |
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Classify the superior radioulnar joint |
Synovial, uniaxial, pivot |
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What movements occur at the superior radioulnar joint? |
Pronation and Supination |
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Which axis facilitates pronation/supination? |
Longitudinal |
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Name the articular surfaces of the superior radioulnar joint |
Head of radius Radial Notch of ulna Annular ligament |
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Where does the annular ligament attach? |
Both attachments are on the ulna (radial notch) |
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What is the shape of the annular ligament? How does this provide stability? |
The annular ligament is funnel shaped (wider superiorly). This prevents inferior dislocation of the radius. |
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Why is inferior radial dislocation more common in children than adults? |
Because the annular ligament does not develop its funnel shape until later in life.
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Where is the elbow joint capsule strong and where is it weak? |
The elbow joint capsule is strong at the sides and weak anteriorly and posteriorly. This is because the end point anteriorly is soft, and the end point posteriorly is hard. |
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Classify the inferior radioulnar joint |
Synovial, uniaxial, pivot |
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What movements occur at the inferior radioulnar joint? |
Pronation/supination |
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What are the articulating surfaces of the inferior radioulnar joint? |
Ulnar notch of radius Head of ulna |
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Classify the intermediate radioulnar joint |
Syndesmosis |
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How are the fibres orientated on the intermediate radioulnar joint? And what is the purpose of this? |
The majority of these fibres pass in a downward direction from the radius to the ulna. The purpose of this is to help distribute the force received through the hands in to the radius. This will distribute some of the force into the ulna and then up into the axial skeleton through the humerus and shoulder girdle |
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Why do the Coracohumeral and Glenohumeral ligaments only support inferior dislocation when the arm is pendant? |
When the arm is raised, the tension in these ligaments will be decreased, therefore not providing adequate support |
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What is the role of the rotator cuff muscles? |
To provide dynamic stability to the glenohumeral joint. |
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Explain how the rotator cuff muscles increase mobility in addition to providing stability |
The rotator cuffs muscle pull the humeral head medially towards the glenoid fossa providing stability to the joint. By ensuring that the humeral head remains in the centre of the socket, the articular surfaces that remain in contact are maximised. Conversely, if the rotator cuff muscles were not present, the humeral head would roll out of the socket and mobility would decrease. |
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What is scapulohumeral rhythm? Why is this important? |
The co-ordination of humeral and scapular movement. This allows a significant increase the movement at the shoulder joint. |
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What role does scapulohumeral rhythm play in the dynamic stability of the shoulder? |
The rotation of the scapula allows the rotator cuff muscles to remain in an optimal length (optimal state of tension) to pull the humeral head towards the glenoid fossa. |
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Roughly, how much abduction is possible at the shoulder joint? Of this, what is the scapular component and what is the glenohumeral component? |
- roughly 170 degrees abduction - 50 to 60 degrees scapula - 110 degrees glenohumeral |
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What muscles play a role in lateral rotation of the scapula, and what are their roles? |
1. Upper trapezius (mover) (synergist - cancels out depression) 2. Lower trapezius (mover) (synergist - cancels out elevation) 3. Serratus anterior (synergist - cancels out retraction) 4. Middle trapezius (synergist - cancels out protraction) |
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What muscles flex the shoulder? |
1. Pectoralis Major 2. Deltoid (anterior fibres) 3. Biceps Brachii (long head) 4. Coracobrachialis |
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What muscles abduct the shoulder? |
1. Deltoid (middle fibres) 2. Supraspinatus |
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What muscles adduct the shoulder? |
1. Coracobrachialis 2. Pectoralis Major 3. Latissimus Dorsi 4. Teres Major |
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What muscles extend the shoulder? |
1. Latissimus Dorsi 2. Teres Major 3. Deltoid (posterior fibres) 4. Triceps (long head) 5. Pectoralis Major (from flexed) |
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Which muscles protract the scapula? |
1. Serratus anterior 2. Pectoralis minor |
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What muscles retract the scapula? |
1. Rhomboid Major 2. Rhomboid Minor 3. Trapezius (middle fibres) |
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What muscles laterally rotate the scapula? |
1. Trapezius (upper and lower fibres) 2. Serratus Anterior |
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What muscles medially rotate the scapula? |
1. Levator Scapulae 2. Rhomboid Major 3. Rhomboid Minor 4. Pectoralis Minor |
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What muscles elevate the scapula? |
1. Trapzius (upper fibres) 2. Levator scapulae |
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What muscles depress the scapula? |
1. Trapezius (lower fibres) 2. Pectoralis Minor |
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Classify the radiocarpal joint |
Synovial, biaxial, ellipsoid |
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What are the articular surfaces of the radiocarpal joint? |
- Distal surface of radius - Articular disc of inferior radioulnar joint - Proximal surface of Scaphoid, Lunate and Triquetrum |
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What movements occur at the radiocarpal joint? |
Flexion (palmarflexion) / Extension (dorsiflexion) Abduction (radial deviation) / Adduction (ulnar deviation) |
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What ligaments stabilise the radiocarpal joint? |
1. Radial Collateral Ligament (limits ulnar deviation) 2. Ulnar Collateral Ligament (limits radial deviation) 3. Palmar Carpal ligaments (limits extension) 4. Dorsal Carpal ligaments (limits flexion) |
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Classify the midcarpal joint |
Synovial, biaxial, condyloid |
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What are the articular surfaces of the midcarpal joint? |
- Distal surfaces of Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral - Proximal surfaces of Trapezius, Trapezoid, Capitate and Hamate |
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What movements occur at the midcarpal joint? |
Flexion (palmarflexion) / Extension (dorsiflexion) Abduction (radial deviation) / Adduction (ulnar deviation) |
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What ligaments stabilise the midcarpal joint? |
1. Radial Collateral Ligament (limits ulnar deviation) 2. Ulnar Collateral Ligament (limits radial deviation) 3. Palmar Intercarpal ligaments (limits extension) 4. Dorsal Intercarpal ligaments (limits flexion) |
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Classify the common carpo-metacarpal joints (2-5) |
Synovial, multiaxial, plane |
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Which of the common metacarpal joints (2.5) are most mobile? |
CMC joints are progressively less mobile from 5-2. (5 being most mobile, 2 being least mobile) |
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What is the difference between spurt and shunt muscle? |
All muscles have a rotary and transarticular component. Spurt muscles have a greater rotary component. (e.g. Brachialis) Shunt muscles have a greater transarticular component. (e.g. Brachioradialis) |
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What is the order of muscle recruitment? |
1. Monokinetic spurt muscles first (one joint, one movement) 2. If load is required, polykinetic muscle (mutilple joints, movements) 2a. Implications of polykinetic is synergists are required) 3. If speed is required, recruit a shunt muscle. |
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What is the common origin of the forearm extensors? |
Lateral epicondyle |
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What is the common origin of the forearm flexors? |
Medial epicondyle |
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From outside in (laterally to medially), name the superficial forearm extensors. |
0. Brachioradialis 1. Extensor carpi radialis longus 2. Extensor carpi radialis brevis 3. Extensor digitorum 3a. Extensor digiti minimi 4. Extensor carpi ulnaris |
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From outside in (laterally to medially), name the deep forearm extensors. |
1. Abductor pollicus longus 2. Extensor pollicus longus 3. Extensor indicis |
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From outside in (medially to laterally), name the superficial forearm flexors. |
1. Flexor carpi ulnaris 2. Flexor digitorum superficialis 2a. Palmaris longus (not always present) 3. Flexor carpi radialis |
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From outside in (medially to laterally), name the deep forearm flexors. |
1. Flexor digitorum profundus 2. Flexor pollicus longus |
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Where do 'carpi' muscles insert? |
Base of metacarpals |
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Where to 'digitorum' muscles insert? |
Phalanges (flexor side) Extensor expansions (extensor side) |
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What is the axis of the hand? |
Middle finger |
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Which side of the palm is the thenar eminence located? |
Thumb side (lateral) |
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Which side of the palm is the hypothenar eminence located? |
Little finger side (medial) |
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Name the muscles of the thenar eminence |
1. Opponens Pollicus 2. Flexor Pollicus Brevis 3. Abductor Pollicus Brevis 4. Adductor Pollicus (transverse and oblique heads) |
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Name the muscles of the hypothenar eminence |
1. Opponens digiti minimi 2. Flexor digiti minimi 3. Abductor digiti minimi |
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Which nerve is contained within the flexor retinaculum (carpal tunnel) |
Median Nerve |
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Which flexor muscle lies superficial to the flexor retinaculum? |
Palmaris longus |
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Which nerve run superficial to the flexor retinaculum? |
Ulnar nerve |
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What is the function of the intertendinous conections of the extensor digitorum muscles |
Ensures the hand opens as a unit |
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Which muscles play a role in digital sweep? |
The lumbricals and interossei. Keep the distal IP joints extended during digital flexion. |
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What are the 5 main nerves of the Brachial plexus? |
1. Musculocutaneous 2. Median Nerve 3. Ulnar 4. Radial 5. Axillary |
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What are the 3 cords? Why are they names so? |
1. Lateral 2. Posterior 3. Medial They are named in relative location to brachial artery. |
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Which muscles do the axillary nerve innervate? |
1. Deltoid 2. Teres minor |
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What is the root value of the axillary nerve? |
C5-6 |
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What muscles do the radial nerve innervate? |
All upper limb extensors brachioradialis supinator abductor pollicus longus |
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What is the root value of the radial nerve? |
C5-T1 |
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What sensory loss is associated with a radial nerve lesion? |
Posterior arm, forearm and dorsal hand + dorsal 3.5 digits. |
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What muscles do the musculocutaneous nerve innervate? |
1. Coracobrachialis 2. Biceps Brachii 3. Brachialis |
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What is the root value of musculocutaneous nerve? |
C5-7 |
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What muscles to the median nerve innervate? |
FCR,PL,PT,PQ,FDS FDP (lateral part) FPL Thenar muscles Lumbricals (lateral 2) |
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What sensory loss is associated with a median nerve lesion? |
Lateral 3.5 digits (palmar and dorsal surface) and corresponding palmar surface of hand |
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What is the root value of the median nerve? |
C5-T1 |
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What muscles do the ulnar nerve innervate? |
FCU,FDP(medial part), Hypothenar muscles, Palmaris Brevis Lumbricals (medial 2) Adductor pollicus All Interossei |
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What is the root value of the ulnar nerve>? |
C8-T1 |
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What sensory loss is associated with a ulnar nerve lesion? |
Medial 1.5 digits (palmar and dorsal surface) and corresponding parts of hand |
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What functional loss is associated with a suprascapular nerve lesion? |
Inability to seat humeral head (head moves forward during movement) Reduced abduction and external rotation |
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How does the Subclavian artery terminate? |
The Subclavian artery becomes the Axillary
artery (continuation) at the Outer border of rib 1 |
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How does the Axillary artery terminate? |
The Axillary artery becomes the Brachial artery (continuation) at the lower border of teres major |
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Name the 4 major arteries of the upper limb |
1. Brachial Artery 2. Profunda Brachii 3. Ulnar Artery 4. Radial Artery |
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What are the two major arterial structures of the hand? |
1. Superficial Palmar Arch 2. Deep Palmar Arch |
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Which arteries form the palmar arches and what is their relative contribution to the arch? |
Both palmar arches are formed by the Ulnar artery and the Radial artery. The Deep palmar arch receives it's major contribution from the raDial artery The sUperficial palmar arch receives its major contribution from the Ulnar artery. |
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Which artery supplies structures in the fingers? |
The Superficial palmar arch (larger contribution from Ulnar artery) |
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Which artery supplies structures of the palm? |
The Deep palmar arch (larger contribution from radial artery |
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Which structures are supplied by the Brachial artery? |
Structures of the anterior arm |
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Which structures are supplied by the Profunda Brachii artery? |
Structures of the posterior arm |
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Which structures are supplied by the Ulnar artery? |
Structures of medial forearm. Major contributor to Superficial palmar arch which supplies the fingers |
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Which structures are supplied by the radial artery? |
Structures of the lateral forearm, Major contributor to the Deep palmar arch which supplies structures of the palm |
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A. Cephalic Vein B. Cephalic Vein C. Median Cubital Vein D. Basilic |
