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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is PERCEPTION different from SENSATION?
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PERCEPTION- a conscious awareness and interpretation of stimuli.
SENSATION- both conscious and subconscious awareness of external and internal stimuli |
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What are FOUR "general" senses?
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1. Tactile sensation (touch and pressure)
2. Proprioception sensation (muscle tension) 3. Thermal sensation (warm and cold) 4. Pain sensation (pain) |
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What are GENERAL SENSES?
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somatic senses originating from receptors throughout the body and visceral senses.
RECEPTORS IN ORGANS |
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What are SPECIAL SENSES?
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originating from receptors located IN specific organs in the HEAD
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What are FIVE "special" senses?
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1. Gustatory (taste)
2. Visual (sight) 3. Auditory (hearing) 4. Olfactory (smell) 5. Equilibrium (balance) |
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What are the FOUR STEPS involved in the PROCESS OF SENSATION?
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1. Stimulation of the sensory receptor
2. Transduction of the stimulus 3. Generation of a nerve impulse (action potential) 4. Integration of the sensory signal |
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What are the THREE ways sensory receptors can be classified by their structural CHARACTERISTICS?
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1. Free Nerve Endings (bare dendrites)
2. Encapsulated Nerve Endings (dendrites surrounded by connective tissue) 3. Separate Cells that synapse with sensory neurons and release neurotransmitters when stimulated |
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What are the THREE ways sensory receptors can be classified by their LOCATION?
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1. Exteroceptors (@ or near body surface)
2. Interoceptors (in blood vessels or visceral organs) 3. Proprioceptors (in muscles or tendons) |
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To what stimulus do the following receptors respond?
-Thermoreceptors -Mechanoreceptors -Photoreceptors |
-Thermo: temperature change
-Mechano: contact, pressure, vibration, hearing, equilibrium, proprioception -Photo: light, causes sensation of vision |
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To what stimulus do the following receptors respond?
-Nociceptors -Chemoreceptors -Osmoreceptors |
-Nicic: tissue damage, sensation of pain
-Chemo: chemical composition of body fluid -Osmo: change in osmotic pressure of body fluid |
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What are the FOUR somatic sensations?
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1. Tactile sensations
2. Thermal sensations 3. Pain sensations 4. Proprioceptive sensations |
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What is the difference between crude touch and fine touch?
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Crude: ability to perceive that something is touching the body
Fine: provides specific information about object being touched such as: size, shape, etc. |
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Describe the differences between acute pain and chronic pain?
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Acute: fast pain, occurs rapidly (sharp, prickling)
Chronic: slow pain, occurs slowly; (burning, aching, throbbing) |
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What is the difference between a first, second, and third order neuron?
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-First: sends sensory info FROM receptors, TO spinal cord
-Second: ascends through tracts in spinal cord and brain stem, ENDS in Thalamus "relay center" -Third: neurons continue to CEREBRUM, END in POSTCENTRAL GRYUS of cerebral cortex |
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What is the difference between an Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) and a Lower Motor Neuron (IMN)?
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UMN: neurons cell body is in the CNS processing center. coordinates VOLUNTARY muscle contractions
IMN: neurons cell body in the brain stem or spinal cord. involved with INVOLUNTARY muscle contractions |
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What is STEREOGNOSIS?
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ability to recognize the size, shape, and texture of an object by feeling it without looking at it.
**Basis for blind people being able to read braile |
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What is ADAPTATION?
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"sensory fatigue" or "sensory overload"
unique char. of sensory receptors where receptor potential gradually DECREASES in AMPLITUDE during maintained constant stimulation |
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Tracts that contain somatic SENSORY NEURONS of the CNS that begin in the spinal cord? (2)
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1. Spinothalamic tract: carriers sensation of pain, temp, pressure, and crude touch (itch & tickle)
2. Spinocerebellar tract: carries proprioception sensations from trunk to lower limbs. (critical for maintenance of balance and posture) |
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Tract that contains somatic MOTOR NEURONS of the CNS that end in the spinal cord? (1)
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1. Corticospinal tract: carries motor impulses from the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex to skeletal muscles for 'precise' voluntary movements.
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What are the FOUR integrative functions of the CEREBRUM?
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1. wakefulness and sleep patterns (circadian rhythm)
2. learning 3. memory 4. emotional responses |
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What is the BASAL GANGlia and what role does it play in movement?
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-B.G.: large group of neuron cell bodies in white matter of the cerebrum that help control large autonomic movements of skeletal muscles.
-W/ Movement: it INITIATES and TERMINATES muscle contractions & suppresses unwanted movements |
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What is the main function of the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?
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-RAS: network of gray matter scattered throughout cerebrum
-Function: helps maintain consciousness. only active during arousal or awakefulness |
