Sem 1 Mini Iii Physio Local Control Blood Flow

Front 1

High cellular metabolic activity causes ______ levels of adenosine, phosphate, PCO2, lacatate, K+, and H+, and a _____ level of O2 causing ____ of the arteriole.

Back 1

increased, decreased, vasodilation

Front 2

The mechanisms responsible for local control of blood flow are the _____, arising from the metabolic activity of surrounding cells, and the _____, related to the vessels themselves.

Back 2

metabolic and paracrine agents, myogenic and endothelial

Front 3

Paracrine releasing cells release vasodilators ____ and ____, and ______ which is a vasodilator or constrictor.

Back 3

bradykin, histamine, prostaglandins

Front 4

The myogenic theory of blood flow regulation states that when blood flow _____ because of a rise in pressure, the vessel wall is stretched eliciting a ____ response, ____ vessel diameter and returning blood flow to normal.

Back 4

increases, contractile, reducing

Front 5

Nitrous oxide is fromed within the ____ cels from L-______ by a Ca++ dependant enzyme, _______.

Back 5

endothelial, arginine, nitrous oxide synthase

Front 6

NO diffuses to smooth muscle cells, inducing _____, which activates transport channels to lower ____ and relax smooth muscle cells.

Back 6

cGMP dependant protein kinase, Ca++

Front 7

Endothelial NO is stimulated by _____ agents, _____ and ____, as well as _____.

Back 7

paracrine, histamine, bradykin, Ach

Front 8

NO is released when endothelial cells sense ____ stess.

Back 8

shear

Front 9

Shear stress is very important for increasing ____ blood flow during increased cardiac output.

Back 9

coronary

Front 10

Patients with severe infections have ____ due to excess production of ____.

Back 10

hypotension (septic shock), NO

Front 11

Diseases such as hypertension, cerebrovascular dysfunction, athersclerosis and diabetes are associated with impaired ____ function.

Back 11

endothelial

Front 12

Autoregulation is the ability of an organ to ______________.

Back 12

maintain constant blood flow in the face of changing arterial pressure.

Front 13

A sudden increase of perfusion pressure on local organ blood flow causes _____ and _____ vasoconstriction.

Back 13

metabolic, myogenic

Front 14

A sudden decrease in perfusion pressure will cause ____ and ____ in blood flow.

Back 14

vasodilation, increase

Front 15

The importance of autoregulation is to maintain relatively normal cerebral and cardiac blood flow during instances such as _____.

Back 15

hemorrhage

Front 16

_____ is defined as an increase in blood flow to an organ or tissue secondary to an increase in metabolic requirements.

Back 16

active hyperemia

Front 17

Active hyperemia is sometimes called _____ hyperemia.

Back 17

functional or excercise

Front 18

____ is an interruption of flow, generaly due to a temporary occlusion.

Back 18

reactive hyperemia

Front 19

Reactive hyperemia begins with an ____ in blood flow, resulting in the build up of ____, leading to ______, as well as a _____ response.

Back 19

interuption, metabolites, vasodilation, myogenic

Front 20

_____ hyperemia results from the build up of metabolites and a myogenic response.

Back 20

reactive

Front 21

Active hyperemia is the ____ of tissue metabolism, causing the ____ of metabolites into the ECF, causing the ___ of arterioles, causing ___ in resistance and ____ in blood flow.

Back 21

increase, increase, vasodilation, decrease, increase

Front 22

Active hyperemia will continue as long as _____, while reactive hyperemia will continue until ____ and ____.

Back 22

tissue metabolism is high, metabolite washout and myogenic regulation returns to normal

Front 23

Reactive hyperemia is the ____ of tissue blood flow due to an ______, that causes metabolites to accumulate causing _____, and a myogenic response causing _____, and once the occlusion is removed, decreased _____ causes ______ blood flow.

Back 23

decrease, occlusion, vasodilation, vasodilation, resistance, increased

Front 24

Coronary blood flow differs from other organs in that it is _____, and it is especially true for left _____ blood flow.

Back 24

pulsatile, ventricular

Front 25

The sympathetic system causes the heart to increase ____ and ____, but blood flow is regulated by ______.

Back 25

heart rate, stroke volume, metabolic agents

Front 26

In the heart ____ is the paracrine stimulus, and a role in dilation due to _____.

Back 26

adenosine, sheer stress (flow dependent vasodilation)

Front 27

Hemorrhage, edema or tumor growth can greatly increase ______ and reduce _____ in the brain.

Back 27

extravascular, blood flow

Front 28

Coronary flow and cerebral blood flow is preferredly controled by _____.

Back 28

local metabolic conditions

Front 29

The primary metabolite controlling brain blood flow is ____ via ___, while for coronary blood flow it is ______, and skeletal musce it is primarily _____ and ____.

Back 29

PCO2, H+, adenosine, adenosine, K+

Front 30

Brain blood flow increases via _______ when neuronal activity increases.

Back 30

active hyperemia

Front 31

In skeletal muscles, increased blood flow during running is due to ______ and increased blood flow due to lifting weights is due to _______.

Back 31

active hyperemia, reactive hyperemia

Front 32

Systemic circulation is ____ pressure, _____ resistance, and ____ compliance, while pulmonary circulation is ____ pressure, ____ resistance, and ____ compliance.

Back 32

high, high, low, low, low, high

Front 33

Sympathetic activity will increase _____ and ____ in pulmonary vasculature.

Back 33

resistance, pressure

Front 34

The major factor that alters pulmonary resistance is ______.

Back 34

hypoxia

Front 35

Hypoxia in systemic cirulation causes _____, and in pulomary circulation causes _____.

Back 35

vasodilation, vasoconstriction

Front 36

Blood flowing through poorly ventilated portions of the lung will produce _____, and redirect flow to better ventilated areas, optimizing _____ and _____.

Back 36

vasoconstriction, ventilation, perfusion