Seed Science Lesson 2 - Part 1

Front 1

the main function of this in seeds is energy storage

Back 1

carbohydrates

Front 2

carbohydrates are in the form of this that can be broken down into sugar inside the seed when required for germination

Back 2

starch

Front 3

the carbohydrate in the seed that provides structure to the seed

Back 3

cellulose

Front 4

Where is starch stored in monocots? In dicots?

Back 4

Endosperm; Cotyledons

Front 5

The specific organelles where starch is stored are the?

Back 5

plastids

Front 6

1 of two types of plastids: without color

Back 6

leucoplasts

Front 7

1 of 2 types of plastids; with color

Back 7

chromoplasts

Front 8

Most starch is stored in _________, specifically __________ .

Back 8

leucoplasts; amyloplasts

Front 9

Starch can be temporarily stored in _________, which is a good example of a chromoplast.

Back 9

chloroplasts

Front 10

A soft or mellow starch composed of glucose; metabolically inactive.

Back 10

amylose

Front 11

________ is completely enzymatically degradable by -amylase and basically water soluble.

Back 11

amylose

Front 12

________ is a hard starch composed of 30,000 to 40,000 glucose units. It is highly branched with both alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 linkages.

Back 12

amylopectin

Front 13

is only 50% degradable by beta-amylase and basically water insoluble

Back 13

amylopectin

Front 14

Upon germination, _______ is broken down to _______ which are converted to energy during ________.

Back 14

Starch, sugar, respiration

Front 15

Another type of starch in seeds ___________ is a poorly defined class of polysaccharides, but the second most abundant form of carbohydrate.

Back 15

Hemicellulose

Front 16

This starch functions as storage of carbohydrates in endospermic legume and is water insoluble.

Back 16

Hemicellulose

Front 17

________ have a gum-like feel and produce sticky outer coatings on seed to aid in seed dispersal, germination.

Back 17

Mucilages

Front 18

________ function in water conservation in arid areas while working as a sealant to prevent water loss from seeds; is also a lubricant that protects emerging roots.

Back 18

Mucilages

Front 19

______ __________ are polymers of galacturonic acid and include pectic acid, protopectin, and pectin. Located in primary cell walls and between cells as middle lamella to hold cells together.

Back 19

Pectic compounds

Front 20

Softening of the middle lamella occurs as ___________ of the middle lamella increases and is seen in fruit ripening. (An organic compound in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group of methyl alcohol is replaced by a metal)

Back 20

Methylation

Front 21

Seeds high in ______ do not typically produce high yields because twice as much energy is required for lipid production as compared to carbohydrates.

Back 21

Lipids

Front 22

_______ are composed of fatty acids and alcohol, typically glycerol. Soluble in organic solvents such as benzene, ether,choroform and hexane and are insoluble in water.

Back 22

Lipids

Front 23

An _______ is a type of bond formed by eliminating water between an organic acid and an alcohol.

Back 23

ester

Front 24

Other terms for this are glycerides, triglycerides, fats and oils.

Back 24

Lipids

Front 25

______ _______ _______ are seldom found in the seed except during germination and seed deterioration.

Back 25

free fatty acids

Front 26

______ are enzymes that cleave fatty acids to form free fatty acids.

Back 26

Lipases

Front 27

______ ______ are esters of fatty acids and glycerol and typically exist as fat or oils in the seed. Primary function is as a storage medium.

Back 27

Simple lipids

Front 28

A form of simple lipids where the alcohol component is something other than glycerol. Serve to protect against loss of moisture.

Back 28

Waxes

Front 29

_______ ________ are esters of fatty acids and glycerol with one fatty acid replaced with another group. Components of membranes.

Back 29

Compound lipids

Front 30

_______ _______ result from the hydrolysis of either simple or compound lipids.

Back 30

Derived lipids

Front 31

______ are large molecules containing nitrogen which, upon hydrolysis, yield amino acids

Back 31

Proteins

Front 32

8 to 10 _______ ______ are not made in the human and must be obtained in the diet

Back 32

amino acids

Front 33

Proteins can be an important source of energy because there is stored energy in the _______ _______.

Back 33

peptide bonds

Front 34

In dicots, protein is stored in the _______ and _________.
Monocots store protein in the _______ and _______ _______.

Back 34

embryo and cotelydons; embryo and aleurone layer.

Front 35

In monocots, proteins are converted to ________ for the break down of the endosperm

Back 35

enzymes

Front 36

Gluten is a form of ______ found in the endosperm of wheat.

Back 36

protein

Front 37

Metabolically _______ proteins in the seed function as storage/food reserves

Back 37

inactive

Front 38

Metabolically _______ proteins are mainly enzymes involved in the digestion and translocation of stored material.

Back 38

active

Front 39

Nucleoproteins =

Back 39

DNA and RNA

Front 40

_______ are pigments producing a brown color and flavorings producing a bitter taste derived from ______ acid.

Back 40

tannins, tanic

Front 41

_______ are naturally occuring in soybeans, are used as a bird repellant and are used in the tanning industry.

Back 41

tannins

Front 42

_______ are cyclic compounds containing nitrogen, but not like proteins because there is no amino group.

Back 42

alkaloids

Front 43

Any of a large class of naturally occurring, complex organic compounds that contain nitrogen and have physiological effects on animals, including humans. Most _________ occur in plants, although some are produced by fungi and animals.
3 examples are:

Back 43

alkaloids; morphine, caffiene, nicotine

Front 44

_________ are compounds that usually contain a sugar + a non sugar compound (usually alcohol)

Back 44

glucosides

Front 45

Sorgham: dhurrin is converted to HCN or _______ ________ which can inhibit respiration and cause death in cattle.

Back 45

hydrogen cyanide

Front 46

______ serve as a source of mineral elements and phosphorus during the germination process.

Back 46

Phytins

Front 47

_______ are stored as inclusions in protein bodies. Inclusions are stored nutrients, secretory products, and pigment granules

Back 47

Phytins

Front 48

The enzyme _______ breaks phytin down into phytic acid.

Back 48

Phytase

Front 49

_______ can cause problems for grazing animals by producing mineral deficiencies, but seeds higher in this have lower susceptability to Aspergellis flavens that cause ______.

Back 49

phytins; aflatoxins

Front 50

_______ are hormones that promote cell elongation by stimulating water uptake and incrasing cell elasticity.

Back 50

auxins

Front 51

light destroys ______ and causes migration of _______ from light side to dark side where an increase in cell longation occurs due to the increased presence.

Back 51

auxins

Front 52

Hypothesis that says the initial horizontal orientation of the roots and shoots as they emerge from the seed causes a translocation of auxin to the lower side of each.

Back 52

Cholodny-Went Hypothesis

Front 53

root and shoot response to gravity.

Back 53

Gravitropism or Geotropism

Front 54

________ stimulate at low levels of auxin versus _______ that stimulate at high levels of auxin.

Back 54

roots and shoots

Front 55

shoots = ______ gravitropism
roots = _______ gravitropism

Back 55

negative; positive

Front 56

__________ are hormones found in both plants and seeds and produced in growing tissue; involved in cell elongation, seed germination, and floral induction and inititation

Back 56

gibberellins (GA)

Front 57

_________ migrates into aleurone layer which then produces enzymes to start breaking down stored foods.

Back 57

gibberellins (GA)

Front 58

___________ are active in both plants and see and produced in root tips. They stimulate cell division and shoot production, delay senescence and have been implicated in nodule formation

Back 58

cytokinins

Front 59

aging = sen__________

Back 59

senescence

Front 60

________ is found in both plants and animals in response to stress. Functions in fruit ripening, leaf and flower senescence and leaf and fruit abscission.

Back 60

ethylene

Front 61

__________ _______ (ABA) is prevalent in mature tissues such as leaves and fruit. It is important in stomatal opening and closing.

Back 61

Abscisic acid

Front 62

______ ______ causes dormancy by preventing embryo from germinating within the seed. Known as an inhibitor.

Back 62

Abscisic acid

Front 63

Vitamins - ________ is required for embryo root development. _______ and _______ ______ are involved in the regulation of oxidation in seeds

Back 63

thiamine; biotin and ascorbic acid.