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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Drug Classification:
Sedative-Hypnotic drugs are... |
...central nervous system (CNS) depressants
(#1) |
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Three main types of sedative-hypnotic drugs...
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Barbiturates
Nonbarbiturate sedatives Minor tranquilizers (#2) |
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Sedative-Hypnotic drug side-effects...
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Nausea, Lethargy, Vomiting, Skin rashes, Upset stomach, Hangover, Fever, Blurred vision, Facial numbness, Impaired judgement, Poor motor control, Psuedo-dementia.
High risk of Fatal Overdose High risk of Physical and Psychological Dependance (Addictive) Life-threatening Withdrawal Symptoms (#3) |
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Subclass- Barbiturates:
[Sedative-Hypnotic drugs] |
- All end in --al
- Acts as CNS depressant; Anxiolytic, Hypnotic, Anticonvulsant. - Largely replaced by benzodiazepines in routine medical practice (ex: anxiety and insomnia) because less dangerous in overdose - Used in Anesthesia, Epilepsy -First: 1903, synthesized from chemicals in urine- barbituric acid Barbital: Trade-name, Use - Veronal - Inducing sleep (#4) |
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Phenobarbital: Trade-name, Type, Use
[Barbiturates] |
-Luminal
-Long-acting -relaxation and relief from anxiety -Marketed in 1912 (#5) |
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Types of Barbiturates (4 types)...
[by Duration of effect] |
- Ultra-short-acting
- Short-Acting (less than 4 hrs) - Intermediate-Acting (4 to 6 hrs) - Long-Acting (more than 6 hrs) *quicker acting = greater abuse *Length of time depends on: dose, differences among users, method of admin. (#6) |
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Effects of Barbiturates...
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Similar to alcohol; mood-altering.
- Depresses the nervous system, activity of muscle tissue, the heart, and respiration. - Confusion, Short-attention span, Impaired cognitive fxn, Inadequate emotional control, Poor judgement, Slurred speech, Hangovers, Intoxication. - Deteriorated Rxn Time, Hand-eye coordination, and Energy levels. *do not drive, use machinery - Hostility and Rage commonly surface. Extent of effect depends on the user's state of mind, setting, and experience with the drug. (#7) |
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Tolerance of Barbiturates...
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Taken chronically,
a tolerance is developed. Also, cross-tolerance to chemically similar drugs (alcohol, minor tranquilizers) develops. *If large quanities are taken daily (800-1,000mg), dependance can result in 4 to 6 weeks (#8) |
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Potential Hazards
[Barbiturates] |
Ranges from fatigue to fatal overdose. Moderate side effects include emotional upset, nausea, vertigo, vomiting, and diarrhea.
-increased risk of panic attacks - depresses breathing, insufficient blood oxygenation - depresses heartbeat, blood pressure drops > shock > coma > death - Effects to Fetus when taken during pregnancy: congenital dependancy and withdrawal; birth defects, brain damage, or death due to oxygen deficiency. - Fatal synergistic effect with other depressants, esp. alcohol. - Life-threatening withdrawal without medical supervision: Profuse sweating, insomnia, muscular twitching, paranoia, vomiting, aches and pains, cramps, quick temper, and in severe instances, nightmares, hallucinations, and seizures. - Side effects: Short-attention span, Impaired cognitive fxn, Inadequate emotional control, Diminished hand-eye coordination, Nausea, Vomiting, Birth defects, Confusion, Poor judgement, Slurred speech, Vertigo, Diarrhea, Respiratory failure, Violent behavior |
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Medical Use
[Barbiturates] |
- Sleep-inducing agent
- for certain convulsive disorders - limited extent, for anxiety (most prescribed to elderly) -Anesthesia (short-acting barbiturates) -- *Pentothal (thiopental) is used during surgery to Reduce brain swelling and cerebral pressure, and improve circulation. -- barbiturates are less used now for this purpose, b/c other drugs are less toxic and dependancy inducing. -- Effectiveness of barbiturates as sleeping agents is questionable, b/c they interfere with REM cycle of sleep, which is necessary to be truly restful. --- "Rebound Insomnia" can occur: where it becomes more difficult to fall asleep than less difficult. b/c insomnia is a side-effect. --- Fatigue; ppl taking barbiturates wake up more tired than when they went asleep. |
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Case Studies
[Barbiturates] |
Barbiturates are sometimes ingested to
- improve amphetamine effects - reduce the effects of heroin withdrawal. * Typical scenario: taking amphetamines ("speed") during the day to get charged up ("wired") and barbiturates at night to go to sleep. (#11) |
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Drug List:
[Barbiturates] |
- *Luminal (phenobarbital); long-acting
- Seconal (secobarbital); short-acting - *Nembutal (pentobarbital); short-acting - Tuinal (secobarbital sodium & amobarbital sodium) - *Amytal (amobarbital); intermediate-acting - Lotusate (talbutal); short-acting - *Butisol (butabarbital); intermediate acting (#12) |
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Luminal (phenobarbital)
[Barbiturate] |
w
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Butisol (butabarbital)
[Barbiturate] |
w
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Amytal (amobarbital)
[Barbiturate] |
w
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Nembutal (pentobarbital)
[Barbiturate] |
w
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Pentothal (thiopental)
[Barbiturate] |
w
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Subclass- Nonbarbiturate Sedatives:
[Sedative-Hypnotic drugs] |
w
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Chloral Hydrate
[Nonbarbiturate Sedative] |
q
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Paraldehyde
[Nonbarbiturate Sedative] |
q
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Bromides
[Nonbarbiturate Sedative] |
q
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Meprobamate
[Nonbarbiturate Sedative] |
q
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Methaqualone: Harmful Effects
[Sedative-Hypnotic drugs] |
- Harmful and highly addictive!
- Severe withdrawal symptoms: mania, seizures, vomiting, convulsions, and death. - 75mg: dream-like moods - 130-300mg: feel anesthetized and fall asleep -potentially permanently - Lethal when combined with alcohol - Additional effects: *memory loss (implicated in accid. overdose), reduced inhibitions, disorientation, drowsiness, anxiety, paranoia, restlessness, depersonalization, menstrual irregularities, anorexia, hangover, pain in extremities, nosebleeds, diarrhea. **remains a problem in South Africa, other parts of Africa, and India |
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"Date Rape" Drugs
[Minor Tranquilizers] |
e
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Benzodiazepines
[Minor Tranquilizers] |
q
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Subclass- Minor Tranquilizers:
[Sedative-Hypnotic drugs] |
q
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